It looks unlikely that medical science will abolish
the process of ageing. But it no longer looks impossible. "In
the long run," as John Maynard Keynes observed, "we are all dead." True. But can
the short run be elongatedin a way that makes the long run longer And if
so, how, and at what cost People have dreamt of immorality since ancient times.
Now, with the growth of biological knowledge that has marked the past few
decades, a few researchers believe it might be within reach. To
think about the question, it is important to understand why organisms — people
included —age in the first place. People are like machines, they wear out. That
much is obvious. However, a machine can always be repaired. A good mechanic with
a stock of spare parts can keep it going indefinitely. Eventually, no part of
the original may remain, but it still carries on, like Lincoln’s famous axe that
had three new handles and two new blades. The question, of
course, is whether the machine is worth repairing. It is here that people and
nature disagree. Or, to put it slightly differently, two bits of nature disagree
with each other. From the individual’s point of view, survival is an imperative.
A fear of death is a sensible evolved response and, since ageing is a sure way
of dying, it is no surprise that people want to stop it in its tracks. Moreover,
even the appearance of ageing can be harmful. It reduces the range of potential
sexual partners who find you attractive and thus, again, curbs your
reproduction. The paradox is that the individual’s evolved
desire not to age is opposed by another evolutionary force, the disposable soma.
The soma is all of a body’s cells apart from the sex cells. The soma’s role is
to get those sex cells, and thus the organism’s genes, into the next generation.
If the soma is a chicken, then it really is just an egg’s way of making another
egg. And if evolutionary logic requires the soma to age and die in order for
this to happen, so be it. Which is a pity, for evolutionary logic does, indeed,
seem to require that. The argument is this. All organisms are
going to die of something eventually. That something may be an accident, a
fight, a disease or an encounter with a hungry predator. There is thus a premium
on reproducing early rather than conserving resources for a future that may
never come. The reason why repairs are not perfect is that they are costly and
resources invested in them might be used for reproduction instead. Often,
therefore, the body’s mechanics prefer lash-ups to complete rebuilds — or simply
do not bother with the job at all. And if that is so, the place to start looking
for longer life is in the repair shop. Why does the author mention Lincoln’s axe
A. To tell people that a simple tool can be repaired thoroughly.
B. To make people realize that immortality is not possible.
C. To illustrate the fact that the prospect of growing old is
intolerable.
D. To suggest an anti-ageing approach that will reproduce itself.