The
world was stunned by the news in the summer of 1995, when a British embryologist
named Ian Wilmut, and his research team, successfully cloned Dolly the sheep
using the technique of nuclear transfer. Replacing the DNA of one sheep’s egg
with the DNA of another sheep’s the team created Dolly. Plants and lower forms
of animal life have been successfully cloned for many years, but before Wilmut’s
announcement, it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure
could be performed on larger mammals and life forms. The world media was
immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of
cloning. Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt
compelled to act against this threat. President Clinton swiftly imposed a ban on
federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills were put in the works in both
houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning because it was deemed as a
fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what, exactly, is bad about
it From an ethical point of view, it is difficult to see exactly what is wrong
with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to assume
that someone would, for example, break into Napoleon’s Tomb, steal some DNA and
make a bunch of emperors. In reality, infertile people who use donated sperm,
eggs, or embryos would probably use cloning. Do the potential harms outweigh the
benefits of cloning From what we know now, they don’t. Therefore, we should not
rush placing a ban on a potentially useful method of helping infertile,
genetically at-risk, homosexual, or single people to become parents.
Do human beings have a right to reproduce No one has the moral right to
tell another person that they should not be able to have children, and I don’t
see why Bill Clinton has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce,
what right does society have to limit the means Essentially au reproduction
done these days is with medical help at delivery, and even before. Truly natural
human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number one killer of
adult women. Some forms of medical help are more invasive than
others. With in vitro (体外的) fertilization, the sperm and egg are combined in a
lab and surgically implanted in the womb. Less than two decades ago, a similar
concern was raised over the ethical issues involving "test-tube babies". Today,
nearly 30,000 such babies have been born in the United States alone. This
miracle has made many parents happy. So what principle says that one combination
of genetic material in a flask is acceptable, but not another
Nature clones people all the time. Approximately one in 1,000 births is an
identical twin. However, despite how many or how few individual characteristics
twins have in common, they are still different people. They have their own
identities, their own thoughts, and their own rights. They enter different
occupations, get different diseases, and have different experiences with
marriage, alcohol, community leadership, etc. Twins have different personalities
as would cloned individuals. Even if someone cloned several Napoleons, each
would be different and even more unique than twins; the cloned child would be
raised in a different setting. Therefore, cloning does not rob individuals of
their personality. Perhaps the strongest ethical argument
against cloning is that it could lead to a new, unfamiliar type of family
relationship. We have no idea what it would be like to grow up as the child of
parents who seem to know you from the inside. Some psychological characteristics
may be biologically, or genetically, based. The parent would know in advance
what crises a cloned teenager could go through and how he or she will respond.
Because the parents may understand what the child is going through, to greater
degree than most parents, it may produce a good and loving relationship in the
long run. On the other hand, most children want to have their own space. Simply
because a family relationship is new and untried is no reason to automatically
condemn it. In the past, many types of family relationships were considered
harmful, but later showed to cause no harm to the children. Among these is joint
custody after divorce, gay and lesbian parenting, and interracial adoption. As
with adoption, in vitro fertilization, and the use of donor sperm, how the child
will react to the news about his or her arrival in this world will depend on how
the parents feel about their mode of reproduction. Parents and children may
adjust to cloning far more easily than we might think, just as it happened with
in vitro fertilization. One recurring image in anti-cloning
propaganda is of some evil dictator raising an army of cloned warriors. But who
is going to raise such an army. Clones start out life as babies. It is much
easier to recruit young adults than to take care of babies for twenty years.
Remember that cloning isn’t the same as genetic engineering. No one can make
another superman and his super powers might have a slim chance of being
genetically determined, but nothing is certain. Some might think
that cloning is playing God. However, can you really say that you know
God’s intentions There is substantial disagreement as to what God’s will is.
Armstrong wrote, anyone who has truly proved that God exists, that God
isn’t only Creator, but Life-giver, Designer, Sustainer, and Ruler over all his
creation, knows that the human family began with one man, and that together with
him a wife, miraculously created from his own body and as unique and original a
creation as Adam himself, formed the first family. Though God’s miraculous
creation of Eve was far from cloning, it is interesting to note in passing that
God’s own Word says He used Adam’s rib—physical bone and tissue—to create
Eve. Another argument against cloning is that it would only be
available to the wealthy and, therefore, would increase social inequality. What
else is new This is the story of American health care. We need a better health
care system, not a ban on new technologies. Hopefully our new president will
help us with this problem as well. The U. S. Federal Government
should not deem human cloning and cloning research illegal. It may provide a way
for completely sterile or homosexual individuals to reproduce, and will probably
provide valuable basic research and possible spin-off technologies related to
reproduction and development. Our society has respected general rights to
control one’s body regarding reproduction, and finally prohibiting it would
violate the fundamental freedom of scientific inquiring. Will
human cloning be done Undoubtedly. The technique used in sheep cloning does not
require a highly sophisticated laboratory. Since the United States government
does not support research on human cloning, and the United Kingdom, France, and
Germany have banned it, the research making cloning possible may take place in
Asia, Eastern Europe, or the East. Much cloning may also take place in secret,
and will occur regardless of United States policies. Approximately eighty
percent of Americans feel that cloning is wrong. However, the vast majority of
people, including those who rail against cloning research, owe their lives to
previous medical discoveries. Don’t let the forces of ignorance and fear turn us
away from new types of research. Most people, including those who are against cloning research, owe their lives to______.