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From the 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a form of unionism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This "occupational unionism" differed substantially from the "worksite unionism" prevalent among factory. workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers, waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority. The author of the passage mentions "particular employers" primarily in order to

A. suggest that occupational unions found some employers difficult to satisfy.
B. indicate that the occupational unions served some employers but not others.
C. emphasize the unique focus of occupational unionism.
D. accentuate the hostility of some employers toward occupational unionism.
E. point out a weakness of worksite unionism.

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The 1973 Endangered Species Act made into legal policy the concept that endangered species of wildlife are precious as part of a natural ecosystem. The nearly unanimous passage of this act in the United States Congress, reflecting the rising national popularity of environmentalism, masked a bitter debate. Affected industries clung to the former wildlife policy of valuing individual species according to their economic usefulness. They fought to minimize the law’s impact by limiting definitions of key terms, but they lost on nearly every issue. The act defined wildlife as almost all kinds of animals—from large mammals to invertebrates—and plants. Taking wildlife was defined broadly as any action that threatened an endangered species; areas vital to a species’ survival could be federally protected as critical habitats . Though these definitions legislated strong environmentalist goals, political compromises made in the enforcement of the act were to determine just what economic interests would be set aside for the sake of ecological stabilization. The author refers to the terms wildlife taking and critical habitats most likely in order to:

A. illustrate the misuse of scientific language and concepts in political processes.
B. emphasize the importance of selecting precise language in transforming scientific concepts into law.
C. represent terminology whose definition was crucial in writing environmentalist goals into law.
D. demonstrate the triviality of the issues debated by industries before Congress passed the Endangered Species Act.
E. show that broad definitions of key terms in many types of laws resulted in ambiguity and thus left room for disagreement about how the law should be enforced.

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Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers What were their motives And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to:

A. contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
B. indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.
C. give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
D. support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.
E. compare one historian’s interest in luxury goods such as pottery to another historian’s interest in luxury services such as musical festivals.