TEXT D To say that the child
learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example
oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example
the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns
from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a mom subtle theory than
"Monkey see, monkey do". Look at it from the child’s point of
view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a
response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the
situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able
to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show
what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation.
The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method
brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house
achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that
such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his
say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with
the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is
that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response.
Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to
maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses
his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the
learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a
good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to
avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to
copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most
influence his approach to books. Admiration of one quality often
leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We
use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that
they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because
imitating them leads to success. Children tend to imitate their models______.
A．who do not criticize them B．who bring them unexpected rewards C．whom they want to be like D．whose social status is high