填空题

Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as
consisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct
meaning from aural or written information. It is commonly proposed that
the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts
are sufficiently similar which comprehension of both can generally be (1)______
discussed as common phenomenon. Comprehension is generally (2)______
differentiated into three interrelated processes: perceptual processing,
parsing (grammatical analysis), and utilization. In perceptual processing,
attention focuses on the oral or written text, in portions of the text being (3)______
retained in short-term memory. The capacity limitations of short-term
memory prevent specific word sequences from retained longer than a few (4)______
seconds, as new information on which the person attends replaces the old (5)______
information in short-term memory. In parsing, the second comprehension
process, words and phrases are used to construct meaningful mental
representations of text. Individuals first decode the individual words by (6)______
matching the aural or visual pattern of the word with their representation in (7)______
the declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory. The result of
decoding is lexical access, and a matching between words in short-term (8)______
memory and a type of dictionary in long-term memory that enables us to
identify the meanings of individual words. The third process, utilization,
composes of relating a mental representation of the text meaning to (9)______
declarative knowledge, which is stored in long-term memory in terms of
either propositions or schemata. Utilization is the key of comprehension and (10)______
the basic determinant that facilitates it.