Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the
underlined sentences into Chinese.
Cancer is used generically for more than 100 different
diseases, including malignant tumors of different sites such as breast, stomach,
colon, lung and mouth. (1) The disease arises principally as a consequence of
individual exposure to the substances that cause cancer in what individuals
inhale, eat and drink, or are exposed to in their personal or work
environment. Personal habits, such as tobacco use, dietary and physical
activity patterns—well as occupational and environmental conditions—rather than
genetic factors, play the major roles in the development of cancer.
Many of the chronic diseases risk and the diseases themselves overlap. In
developed countries, cancer is the second-biggest cause of death after
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and epidemiological evidence points to this trend
emerging in the less developed world. This is particularly true in countries of
"transition" or middle income countries such as in South America and Asia.
Already more than half of all cancer cases occur in developing
countries. There are approximately 20 million people living with
cancer at the moment; by 2020 there will an estimated 30 million. And the impact
is far greater than the number of cases alone would suggest. (2) Regardless
of prognosis, the initial diagnosis is of- ten perceived by patients as
life-threatening, with over one-third of sufferers experiencing clinical anxiety
and depression. Cancer can also be profoundly distressing as well as
economically disruptive to patients’ families. The clinical care of cancer
patients is a costly element in public health budgets. (3)
Dietary factors are estimated to account for approximately 30% of cancers in
Western countries, making diet second only to tobacco as a preventable cause of
cancer. This proportion is thought to be about 20% in developing countries
and is projected to grow. As developing countries become urbanized, patterns of
cancer, particularly those most strongly associated with diet and physical
activity, tend to shift towards the patterns of economically developed
countries. Cancer rates also change as populations move between countries and
adopt different dietary patterns. The relative importance of
cancers as a cause of death is increasing. The incidence of lung cancer and
cancers of the colon and breast generally increases in parallel with economic
development, as stomach cancer declines. Cancer is also strongly associated with
social and economic status. Cancer risk factors are highest in groups with the
least education. In addition, patients in the lower socioeconomic classes have
consistently poorer survival rates than those in higher social class.
In recent years, substantial evidence has pointed to the link from
overweight and obesity, to many types of cancer such as breast and kidney. (4)
The composition of the diet is also important since fruit and vegetables may
have a protective effect by decreasing the risk for some cancer types such as
oral and gastric cancer. Regular physical activity has also
been seen to have a protective effect in reducing the risk of breast cancer.
High intake of preserved meat or red meat might be associated with increased
risk of colorectal cancer. Another aspect of diet clearly related to cancer risk
is the high consumption of alcoholic beverages, which convincingly increase the
risk of oral cavity, liver and breast cancers. The wealth of
knowledge that already exists about cancer risk factors provides obvious and
ample scope for action to reduce the cancer burden of all countries. After
tobacco, overweight and obesity seems to be the most important avoidable cause
of cancer. (5) Given that poor nutrition, physical
inactivity, obesity tobacco and alcohol are risk factors common to other chronic
diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, and respiratory diseases, conducting a
cancer prevention program within the context of an integrated chronic disease
prevention program would be an effective national strategy.