Oceanography has been defined the application of all 【S1】______ sciences to the study of the sea. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few or far between, 【S2】______ Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was unwilling to go to sea to farther his work. For 【S3】______ most people the sea was remote, and with the except of early 【S4】______ intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, to let 【S5】______
alone ask what lied beneath the surface. The first time that the 【S6】______ question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was the laying of a 【S7】______ telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was into Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 【S8】______ 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the width of the North Atlantic. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular 【S9】______ interests in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. 【S10】______ 【S1】