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听力原文：W: The visiting economist is speaking tonight, but Dr. Johnson doesn't seem to think much of him.
M: That' s because Dr. Johnson comes from an entirely different school of thought.
Q: What do we learn from the woman' s remark?
(18)
A.The visiting economist has given several lectures.
B.The guest lecturer's opinion is different from Dr. Johnson's.
C.Dr. Johnson and the guest speaker were schoolmates.
D.Dr. Johnson invited the economist to visit their collegE.

A.M:
B.
Q:
C.The
D.
B.The
E.
C.Dr.
F.
D.Dr.
G.

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Anderson's new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain mighthave retained its North American empire had George Ⅲ's ministers proceededless precipitously. But as Anderson himself concedes to previous historians likeLine Henvel and Rhimes, there was no indication whether the persistence of imperial(5) authority would have made much difference for any of the parties involveD.Atmost, these efforts would have endowed the British government with a'hollow' empire, wherein the exercise of effective authority would depend onthe consent of the colonists and their representatives. While the grip on theircolonies was questionable, the British had no option but to curtail their(10) authority, and at no point was the decision to do so more than a temporaryexpedient. Once the war in French Canada was resolved, England attempted toterminate the costly practices of Indian gift giving and to levy new taxation.Under such circumstances, moreover, Britain would have been able to offeronly limited protections to any of America's other inhabitants, especially the(15) Indians whose lands in the Ohio Valley were already being encroached upon by asteady influx of European settlers. In a sense, the Seven Years' War ended upconfirming the 'American' character of Britain's North American empire, anentity over which metropolitan authority had never been more than tenuous.Anderson's hypothesis concerning French Canada is corroborated both by(20) the events of the American Revolution, and, less successfully, thecontemporaneous case of India, where the British successfully implemented thecolonial strategy Anderson recommends. As witnessed in Iroquoia, the MughalEmpire's progressive collapse during the later 1740s and 1750s drew theBritish, who had been in India as traders since the early seventeenth century,(25) ever more deeply into politics on the subcontinent, first as the auxiliaries oflocal grandees and eventually as political actors in their own right. When theEast India Company governed in Bengal, it did so by virtue of cleverly acting asthe Mughal Emperor's diwani (a Muslim office roughly analogous to a Europeantax farmer). Despite the temptation to act unilaterally, the company's officials(30) were never ignorant of the fact that they owed their authority to the cooperationof local elites, who in turn accepted British rule assuming they could employ itto their own advantagE.Anderson notes that although there were undoubtedly the vast differencesbetween them, India's experience of British rule during the eighteenth century(35) points to the same devolution of imperial agency as in AmericA.It is a patternJack P. Greene has identified as 'negotiated authority', whereby the unlimitedpowers claimed by officials at the empire's center were subject to constantrevision by indigenous brokers on the periphery. Despite the fact that theIndian colonial possessions were more enduring as a result, Anderson(40) neverthelessA.survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpointB.reconciliation of opposing points of viewC.summary and evaluation of a recent studyD.defense of a new thesis from anticipated objectionsE.review of the subtle distinctions between apparently similar views

A.B.
C.
D.survey
E.reconciliation
F.summary
G.defense
H.review

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In 1810 Gall published the neuroanatomist's manual Anatomie,correlating on three variations in character with variations in external craniologicalsigns, an approach that depended critical assumptions: that the sizeLine and shape of the cranium reflected the size and shape of the underlying portions(5) of the cerebrum, that mental abilities were innate and fixed, and that therelative level of development of an innate ability was a reflection of theinherited size of its cerebral organ. On these assumptions, an observedcorrespondence between a particularly well-developed ability and a particularlyprominent area of the cranium could be interpreted as evidence of the functional(10) localization of that ability in the correlative portion of the cerebrum.Gall's approach was abandoned in favor of experiment, his conception offixed, innate faculties replaced by a dynamic, evolutionary view of mentaldevelopment, and his pivotal assumption concerning the relationship of brain tocranial conformation rejected, but we cannot overestimate his importance in(15) linking brain activity to specific cerebral anatomy. Gail's assumptions may havebeen flawed, but not his scientific logic or rigorous empiricism. In postulating aset of innate, mental traits inherited through the cerebral organ, Gall admitteddifferences in aptitude among individuals and between species and thus deviatedfrom the tabula rasa view of CondillaC.(20) Even Gall's opponent, Flourens, was willing to admit that it was Gall whoestablished that the brain serves as the organ of minD.In other respects,however, Flourens was highly critical of Gall, and soon provided the firstexperimental demonstration of localization of function in the brain by employingablation to localize a motor center in the front of the brain and motor(25) coordination in its rear. Although his treatment of sensation was still ratherconfused, Flourens articulated a clear distinction between sensation andperception and localized sensory function within the brain. But with respect tothe cerebrum, a successive slicing through the brain hemispheres produceddiffuse damage to all of the higher mental functions—to perception, intellect,(30) and will—with the amount of damage varying only with the extent and not thelocation of the lesion. Flourens thus concluded that while sensory-motorfunctions are differentiated and localized sub-cortically, higher mental functionssuch as perception, volition, and intellect are spread throughout the cerebrum,operating together with the entire cerebrum functioning in a unitary fashion as(35) their exclusive seat.As Gall himself observed, ablation was not a method well-suited to thediscovery of cortical localization. Joined to a strong philosophical belief in aunitary soul and an indivisible mind and an uncritical willingness to generalizeresults from lower organisms to humans, Flourens's results led him to(40) challenge Gall's efforts at localization and to formulate a theory of cerebralhomogeneity wherein, the cerebrum was the organ of a unitary mind whichcould not be functionally differentiated to the extent Gall suggesteD.A.provide a biographical account of the experimental careers of two prominent neuroanatomistsB.examine the correlation between brain activity and consciousness from a neuroanatomical point of viewC.probe the relationship between philosophical views concerning the existence of the unitary soul and attempts to map the brainD.compare the successes and failures of two different experimental methods in neuroanatomyE.explore the genesis and evolution of early neuroanatomical theory of the localization of cognitive function

A.B.
(20)
C.
D.
A.provide
E.examine
F.probe
G.compare
H.explore