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In 1810 Gall published the neuroanatomist's manual Anatomie,
correlating on three variations in character with variations in external craniological
signs, an approach that depended critical assumptions: that the size
Line and shape of the cranium reflected the size and shape of the underlying portions
(5) of the cerebrum, that mental abilities were innate and fixed, and that the
relative level of development of an innate ability was a reflection of the
inherited size of its cerebral organ. On these assumptions, an observed
correspondence between a particularly well-developed ability and a particularly
prominent area of the cranium could be interpreted as evidence of the functional
(10) localization of that ability in the correlative portion of the cerebrum.
Gall's approach was abandoned in favor of experiment, his conception of
fixed, innate faculties replaced by a dynamic, evolutionary view of mental
development, and his pivotal assumption concerning the relationship of brain to
cranial conformation rejected, but we cannot overestimate his importance in
(15) linking brain activity to specific cerebral anatomy. Gail's assumptions may have
been flawed, but not his scientific logic or rigorous empiricism. In postulating a
set of innate, mental traits inherited through the cerebral organ, Gall admitted
differences in aptitude among individuals and between species and thus deviated
from the tabula rasa view of CondillaC.
(20) Even Gall's opponent, Flourens, was willing to admit that it was Gall who
established that the brain serves as the organ of minD.In other respects,
however, Flourens was highly critical of Gall, and soon provided the first
experimental demonstration of localization of function in the brain by employing
ablation to localize a motor center in the front of the brain and motor
(25) coordination in its rear. Although his treatment of sensation was still rather
confused, Flourens articulated a clear distinction between sensation and
perception and localized sensory function within the brain. But with respect to
the cerebrum, a successive slicing through the brain hemispheres produced
diffuse damage to all of the higher mental functions—to perception, intellect,
(30) and will—with the amount of damage varying only with the extent and not the
location of the lesion. Flourens thus concluded that while sensory-motor
functions are differentiated and localized sub-cortically, higher mental functions
such as perception, volition, and intellect are spread throughout the cerebrum,
operating together with the entire cerebrum functioning in a unitary fashion as
(35) their exclusive seat.
As Gall himself observed, ablation was not a method well-suited to the
discovery of cortical localization. Joined to a strong philosophical belief in a
unitary soul and an indivisible mind and an uncritical willingness to generalize
results from lower organisms to humans, Flourens's results led him to
(40) challenge Gall's efforts at localization and to formulate a theory of cerebral
homogeneity wherein, the cerebrum was the organ of a unitary mind which
could not be functionally differentiated to the extent Gall suggesteD.
A.provide a biographical account of the experimental careers of two prominent neuroanatomists
B.examine the correlation between brain activity and consciousness from a neuroanatomical point of view
C.probe the relationship between philosophical views concerning the existence of the unitary soul and attempts to map the brain
D.compare the successes and failures of two different experimental methods in neuroanatomy
E.explore the genesis and evolution of early neuroanatomical theory of the localization of cognitive function

A.B.
(20)
C.
D.
A.provide
E.examine
F.probe
G.compare
H.explore
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Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's name to his cheques?When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person. Primarily, the bank-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone elsE.When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit (把……记入借方) his account only in respect of checks drawn by himselF.He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a check on which its customer's signature has been forgeD.It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skillful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signaturE.For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted day banks, of printing the customer's name on his checks, ff this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.When you have a bank account, you ______. ( )A.must always be in creditB.can't draw any money if you're overdrawnC.can draw money without noticeD.can't pay money to anyone else
A.When
B.must
C.can't
D.can
E.can't
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Although no one is certain why migration occurs, there are several theories. One theory is based upon the premise that prehistoric birds of the northen Hemisphere were forced south during the Ice Age, when glaciers covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North AmericA.As the glaciers melted, the birds came back to their homelands, spent the summer, and then went south again as the ice advanced in winter. In time, the migration became a habit, and now, although the glaciers have disappeared, the habit continues.Another theory proposes that the ancestral home of all modern birds was the tropics. When the region became overpopulated, many species were crowded north. During the summer, there was plenty of food, but during the winter, scarcity forced them to return to the tropics.A more recent theory, known as photoperiodism, suggests a relationship between increasing daylight and the stimulation of certain glands in the birds' bodies that may prepare them for migration. One scientist has been able to cause midwinter migrations by exposing birds to artificial periods of daylight. He has concluded that changes occur in the bodies of birds due to seasonal changes in the length of daylight.According to one theory, when the glaciers disappeared, birds ______. ( )A.stopped migratingB.continued migratingC.began migrating againD.migrated south and stay there
A.B.
C.
According
D.stopped
E.continued
F.began
G.migrated
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