单项选择题

A. Adam Smith claimed that market forces, not government controls, should determine the direction, volume, and composition of international trade. He argued that under free, unregulated trade, each nation should specialize in producing those goods it could produce most efficiently. Some of these goods would be exported to pay for imports of goods that could be produced more efficiently elsewhere.
B. Ricardo demonstrated that even though a nation held an absolute advantage in the production of two goods, the two countries could still trade with advantages for each as long as the less efficient nation was not equally less efficient in the production of both goods. Note that the United States has an absolute advantage in producing rice and automobiles. Compared with the United States, Japan is less inefficient in automaking than in producing rice.
C. Swedish economist, Stefan Linder’s demand-oriented theory stated that customers’ tastes are strongly affected by income levels, and therefore a nation’s income per capita level deter mines the kinds of goods they will demand. Because industry will produce goods to meet this demand, the kinds of products manufactured reflect the country’s level of income per capita. Goods produced for domestic consumption will eventually be exported.
D. Some countries have special strengths that make them the best place in the world for certain industries. This gives them an absolute advantage relative to competitors in other nations. Some countries can produce products more efficiently than others, giving them a comparative ad vantage. However, these advantages may change over time.
E. It was an American firm, Ampex, that made the first VCRs, but because it charged so much ( $ 50,000), it sold only a few. Sony and Matsushita saw the market potential and worked for 20 years to make one to sell for $ 500. They reached that goal and cornered the market. The authors argue that the early success has gone to the companies that entered the market on aver age 13 years after the "first movers".
The First Mover Theory were flawed because they were based on surveys of surviving firms and didn’t include a large number of the true pioneers.