单项选择题

As the political consequences of Nazism and the liberal tone of the postwar world proved inhospitable to Darwinist thinking, so the disintegration of the postwar order, the end of traditional leftwing politics, a growing social Line conservatism and disillusionment with the idea of social progress has led to its return. As anthropologist Foley expounded, the history of the twentieth century has transformed our vision of humanity, leading to a loss of confidence in the notion that humans may be raised on a taxonomical pedestal above the swamp of animal brutishness. In deriding any social explanation of human behavior, and implying that emotions are biologically shaped, hence universal,scientists have come to odds with cultural anthropologists, who ridicule any biological interpretation of human behavior and view humans in strictly cultural terms.There is convincing evidence that the anthropologists are correct, for even something as fundamental as an emotion is far more than simply an evolutionary trait, given that only some emotions—anger, disgust, sadness, enjoyment and fear—are known to be universal, while others, such as jealousy and envy, vary in their expression and are arguably not emotions at all. Even emotions known to be universal cannot be regarded as simply "natural", given that the evocation of a particular emotion is both culturally and historically specific. The connotation of anger or sadness and the elicitors of these emotions may vary across cultures and throughout human history. There are also culturally bound "display rules", often unconscious, which dictate the means or time of displaying emotion. For instance, Japanese and American students are privately shown very similar emotions in response to similar stimuli, but their public expressions are far from identical, a fact that may owe to the Japanese cultural tendency of remaining demure in public expression. Even more contentious is the question of what emotions animals possess, of whether they are aware of such emotions, and of the relationship between animal responses and human emotions. The way of responding to these debates depends as much upon one’s philosophical inclinations as on the facts: scientists philosophically disposed to minimize the gap between humans and animals are more likely to perceive animals as having emotions, as being aware of them,while those anthropologists who seek an unbridgeable gap between humanity and lower life forms are likely to see appreciable differences between human emotions and animal responses. Thus, the scientific idea of the human is not simply an objective truth, but shaped by wider issues such as the prevailing ideas of progress, notions of racial difference, and the comprehension of the relationship between Man and Nature. All that may safely be concluded is that what constitutes a human is not only innate, but also nurtured.

According to Foley, which of the following aspects of the political and historical events of the late twentieth-century confirm Darwinian theory（）

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