单项选择题
Practitioners in all the theoretical perspectives that we have reviewed use interviews to assess personality. The techniques range from informal conversational exchanges to well-organized series of specific questions designed to elicit (诱出) specific responses. Good interviewers do not limit their attention to what the interviewee says; they also look at how he or she says it. They note the interviewee’s general appearance, voice and speech patterns, the contents of his or her thoughts, and facial expressions and posture(姿态).
The interview is valuable for the direct personal contact that it provides, but it has some limitations, particularly from a research standpoint. For example, it is difficult to quantify everything that goes on in an interview. The person being interviewed may not understand or may resist the purpose behind the interview. Interviewees may state facts, opinions, and attitudes in a reliable fashion; but, in some cases, they may distort facts and lie. They may sigh, gesture, avert their eyes, tap their feet, and smile or grimace (做怪相) at the interviewer. Even experienced interviewers can extract and use only a small percentage of all this information.
In addition, interviewees may be defensive and may hesitate to discuss personal opinions, attitudes, and concerns openly. Interviewers must estimate the degree to which the desire of some interviewees to present themselves in a socially desirable light may invalidate some or all of their responses. Sometimes interviewers observe behaviors that interviewees are unaware of themselves.
Despite its limitations, the face-to-face interview is obviously essential for certain purposes. A clinical psychologist needs to observe and converse with some one who is being considered for treatment in a mental hospital. So, also, does a personnel specialist who wants to fill a top management position. But other more convenient and quantifiable techniques that supplement or improve upon certain aspects of the interview are being constructed by personality assessors.
A．The interview will be supported and improved by the more quantifiable techniques.
B．The interviewees may not be willing to discuss their personal opinions and affairs openly.
C．The interviewees’ responses to some questions may be considered as invalid if they are very defensive to discuss them.
D．The interviewers may validate the interviewees’ responses by estimating the degree of their desir