单项选择题

Israel today is very different from the Israel of David’s time. There are cities and farms, cooperative communities and collective settlements, and the family structure in each is different. The peoples of Europe and Africa stream into this new democracy, bringing with them a wide variety of customs and family relationships.
The kibbutz is an institution peculiar to modern Israel. Children view their parents as friends, while nurses and teachers function as disciplinarians. Melford E. Spiro, in his book Children of the Kibbutz, describes the kibbutz as carefully planned to make the entire community responsible for each and every one of its children.
The basic features of the Collective Settlements (Kibbutz) are common ownership of all property, except for a few personal belongings, communal organization of production, consumption and the care of children. The community is run as one household.
Husband and wife have independent jobs determined by a central committee elected yearly by the general assembly. Main meals are taken in the communal dining hall and are served from a common kitchen. Members’ needs are provided for by communal institutions. Families look after their own rooms but have few other household responsibilities.
In most of the Collectives, children live apart from their parents and are attended mainly by members assigned to this task. From their birth on they sleep, eat and study in special houses. Each age group leads its own life and has its autonomous arrangements. Almost every activity in the age group is supervised by an elected committee and many issues are settled by open discussion between the youngsters and the adults in charge of them. Committees work under the guidance of adults but children are given some experience in self-government and get some preparation for active participation in adult institutions.
Living conditions and the number of members assigned to look after the children depend on the economic situation of the settlement. But in all communities the standard of living of the children is noticeably higher than that of their parents. Children lead a sheltered life and are not allowed to suffer any want. They start to do some work early, but only at the age of eighteen to twenty years do they enter the adult division of labor and work full-time.
The age groups lead their own social and cultural life. On festive occasions they do not participate in the general celebration but arrange special festivities in which parents participate as passive observers. The only important exception is the culminating feast of the year (Passover) when parents and children participate alike.
Children meet their parents and their siblings every day in off hours. They spend the afternoons and early evenings with them. Parents put their young children to sleep. On Saturdays and on holidays children are with their parents most of the time except for short intervals when they take their separate meals. There are thus frequent and intensive relations between parents and children, but the main socializing agencies are the peer age groups and specialized nurses, instructors and teachers. The age group is a solidarity unit and it substitutes for the sibling unit. It inculcates communal norms. Basically the children belong to the community as a whole.
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