单项选择题

  Line      Jacob Burckhardt’s view that Renaissance
            European women "stood on a footing of perfect
            equality" with Renaissance men has been repeatedly
            cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their
    (5)    presentation of rich historical evidence of women’s
            inequality. In striking contrast to Burckhardt, Joan
            Kelly in her famous 1977 essay, "Did Women Have
            a Renaissance" argued that the Renaissance was
            a period of economic and social decline for women
    (10)    relative both to Renaissance men and to medieval
            women. Recently, however, a significant trend
            among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection
            of both Kelly’s dark vision of the Renaissance and
            Burckhardt’s rosy one. Many recent works by these
    (15)    scholars stress the ways in which differences
            among Renaissance women—especially in terms
            of social status and religion—work to complicate
            the kinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and
            Kelly made on the basis of their observations about
    (20)    upper-class Italian women.
              The trend is also evident, however, in works
            focusing on those middle- and upper-class
            European women whose ability to write gives them
            disproportionate representation in the historical
    (25)    record. Such women were, simply by virtue of
            their literacy, members of a tiny minority of the
            population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of
            their experiences as typical of "female experience"
            in any general sense. Tina Krontiris, for example, in
    (30)    her fascinating study of six Renaissance women
            writers, does tend at times to conflate "women" and
            "women writers," assuming that women’s gender,
            irrespective of other social differences, including
            literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous
    (35)    social group and make that group an object of
            analysis. Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significant
            contribution to the field and is representative of
            those authors who offer what might be called a
            cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance
    (40)    women’s achievements, although she also stresses
            the social obstacles Renaissarrce women faced
            when they sought to raise their "oppositional
            voices." Krontiris is concerned to show women
            intentionally negotiating some power for themselves
    (45)    (at least in the realm of public discourse) against
            potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober
            and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests
            that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes
            was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked
    (50)    the basic assumptions in the ideologies that
            oppressed them.   It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in line 12 for which of the following