In study after study, four traits are (1) of happy people. First, happy people, especially in (2) Western cultures, like themselves. On self-esteem tests, they agree with statements such as "I’m a lot of fun to be with" and "I have good ideas". (3) we might expect of people who are usually happy, they report that they have positive self-esteem. Indeed, they usually have a good (4) of themselves: They believe themselves to be more ethical, more intelligent, (5) prejudiced, better able to get along with others, and healthier than the (6) person. Second, happy people typically feel (7) control. Feeling empowered rather than helpless, they also do better in school, (8) more at work, and cope better with stress. (9) control over one’s life--a phenomenon studied (10) prisoners, nursing-home patients, etc. --people (11) lower morale (士气) and worse health. Severe poverty is depressing if it destroys people’s (12) of control over their life. Third, happy people are usually optimistic. One could reason that pessimists, (13) low expectations are so often (14) , would constantly be surprised by joy. "Blessed is (15) who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed," wrote poet Alexander Pope in a 1727 letter. (16) , positive-thinking optimists, those who agree that "when I (17) something new, I expect to succeed" tend to be more successful, healthier, and happier. Fourth, happy people are extroverted. (18) we might expect that introverts live more happily in the peacefulness of their less-stressed contemplative (思考的) lives, extroverts are happier--whether living and working (19) or with others and whether living in (20) or metropolitan areas.