Parents of wailing (哀号) babies, take comfort: You are not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk. Burying beetle larvae tap their parents’ legs. Throughout the animal kingdom, babies know how to get their parents’ attention. Exactly why evolution has produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists are trying to answer.
Someday, that answer may shed some light on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right direction to find the causes of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a bioacoustics expert at Disney’s Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Young animals vary in how much they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes. Some level of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more attention.
Before long, however, this sort of deception may be ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that natural selection should therefore favor so-called honest advertisements. Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the time their mothers wean (断奶) them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most of their babies’ distress calls, since most turn out to be false alarms. "Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries," said Dario Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their responses."
Kim Bard, a primatologist at the University of Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies. "Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I’ve never seen any chimpanzees in the first three months of life be inconsolable."
Maestripieri and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the cries of human babies. "All primate infants cry," Maestripieri said. "It’s a very conserved behavior. It’s not something humans have evolved on their own.\

A．They come to doubt it.
B．They take it seriously.
C．They are indifferent to it.
D．They are weary of it.

A calorie is a unit of energy. We tend to associate calories with food, but they apply to anything containing energy. For example, a gallon (about 4 liters) of gasoline contains about 31,000,000 calories.
Specifically, a calorie is the amount of energy, or heat, it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit). One calorie is equal to 4.184 joules (焦耳), a common unit of energy used in the physical sciences.
Most of us think of calories in relation to food, as in "This can of soda has 200 calories." It turns out that the calories on a food package are actually kilocalories (1,000 calories=1 kilocalorie). The word is sometimes capitalized to show the difference, but usually not. A food calorie contains 4,184 joules. A can of soda containing 200 food calories contains 200,000 regular calories, or 200 kilocalories. A gallon of gasoline contains 31,000 kilocalories.
The same applies to exercise—when a fitness chart says you burn about 100 calories for every mile you jog, it means 100 kilocalories. For the duration of this article, when we say "calorie", we mean "kilocalorie"
What Calories Do
Human beings need energy to survive—to breathe, move, pump blood—and they acquire this energy from food.
The number of calories in a food is a measure of how-much potential energy that food possesses. A gram of carbohydrates(碳水化合物) has 4 calories, a gram of protein has 4 calories, and a gram of fat has 9 calories. Foods are a compilation of these three building blocks. So if you know how many carbohydrates, fats and proteins are in any given food, you know how many calories, or how much energy, that food contains.
If we look at the nutritional label on the back of a packet of maple-and-brown-sugar oatmeal, we find that it has 160 calories. This means that if we were to pour this oatmeal into a dish, set the oatmeal on fire and get it to burn completely (which is actually pretty tricky), the reaction would produce 160 kilocalories (remember: food calories are kilocalories)—enough energy to raise the temperature of 160 kilograms of water 1 degree Celsius.
If we look closer at the nutritional label, we see that our oatmeal has 2 grams of fat, 4 grams of protein and 32 grams of carbohydrates, producing a total of 162 calories (apparently, food manufacturers like to round down). Of these 162 calories, 18 come from fat (9 cal×2g), 16 come from protein (4 cal×4g) and 128 come from carbohydrates (4 cal×32g).
Our bodies "burn" the calories in the oatmeal through metabolic (新陈代谢的) processes, by which enzymes (酵素) break the carbohydrates into glucose (葡萄糖) and other sugars, the fats into glycerol (丙三醇) and fatty acids and the proteins into amino acids (氨基酸).
These molecules are then transported through the bloodstream to the cells, where they are either absorbed for immediate use or sent on to the final stage of metabolism in which they are reacted with oxygen to release their stored energy.
Your Caloric Needs
Just how many calories do our cells need to function well The number is different for every person. You may notice on the nutritional labels of the foods you buy that the "percent daily values" are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. 2,000 calories is a rough average of what a person needs to eat in a day, but your body might need more or less than 2,000 calories. Height, weight, gender, age and activity level all affect your caloric needs.
There are several factors that regulate how many calories we need each day. Some of these considerations are your metabolic rate (新陈代谢率), physical activity level and thermic (热的) effect of food, sleep patterns, age, gender, body mass and body size.
To determine your caloric intake value for building mass, multiply your body weight by 24, while multiplying your body weight by 17 to determine your approximate maintenance level caloric intake.
The main function of carbohydrates is to be a source of energy for the body. In the end, energy drawn from the breakdown of glucose and glycogen (肝糖) is used to fuel muscular contractions as well as provide a "protein sparing" effect.
Unlike the other macro-nutrients, proteins contain nitrogen (氮) which is important in the formation of new muscle tissue. The human body requires 22 different amino acids, which are found in protein, and can be classified as either essential or non-essential.
Essential amino acids can’t be synthesized in the body, while non-essential amino acids can be. Under normal conditions, protein serves an important’ role in the maintenance, repair, and growth of body tissues.
Proteins make up about 15% of your total body mass and have several roles in the body. Proteins also regulate the acid/base quality of body fluids and are necessary for muscle contractions, hormone production, and the activation of metabolic processes.
In the human body, fat provides the largest store of potential energy, produces hormones, strengthens cell structures, transmits nerve impulses and provides insulation (绝热) from cold environments. Fats actually contribute to about 50% of the energy required during light and moderate exercise, and this percentage rises as the work period is prolonged.
Calories, Fat and Exercise
So what happens if you take in more or fewer calories than your body bums You either gain or lose fat, respectively. An accumulation of 3,500 extra calories is stored by your body as 1 pound of fat—fat is the body’s way of saving energy for a rainy day. If, on the other hand, you bum 3,500 more calories than you eat, whether by exercising more or eating less, your body converts 1 pound of its stored fat into energy to make up for the deficit.
One thing about exercise is that it raises your metabolic rate not only while you’re huffing and puffing (忙得喘不过气来) on the treadmill (踏车). Your metabolism takes a while to return to its normal pace. It continues to function at a higher level; your body bums an increased number of calories for about two hours after you’ve stopped exercising.
Lots of people wonder if it matters where their calories come from. At its most basic, if we eat exactly the number of calories that we bum and if we’re only talking about weight, the answer is no a calorie is a calorie. A protein calorie is not different from a fat calorie—they are simply units of energy. As long as you bum what you eat, you will maintain your weight; and as long as you bum more than you eat, you’ll lose weight.
But if we’re talking nutrition, it definitely matters where those calories originate. Carbohydrates and proteins are healthier sources of calories than fats. Although our bodies do need a certain amount of fat to function properly—an adequate supply of fat allows your body to absorb the vitamins you ingest—an excess of fat can have serious health consequences.