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Humans live in a world where many other living things compete
for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, ,or pathogens, are often
broadly called germs, which cause many diseases to be able to invade the human
body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs (46)
Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various
ways. Some —such as those that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and
tuberculosis—are breathed in (47) Still others—such as those
that cause bacillary dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever— get in the body
through contaminated food, water, or utensils. Insects can
spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. (48) Germs
may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect
vector. Kinds of disease Infectious, or communicable, diseases
are those that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne
droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can
produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the
causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on
to another. Or, its eggs are passed on (49)
The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else
without even knowing he has it. Noninfectious, or
noncommunicable, diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include
organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation
and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the
endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be
caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body’s defense system, or a poorly
operating nervous system. (50) These
ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused
health problems. A. A disease is a condition that impairs the
proper function of the body. B. Ordinarily, the body’s defense
system can ward off these invaders. C. Disability and illnesses
can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. D.
Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms
of the disease. E. Others—such as those that cause venereal
diseases—enter through sexual contact of human bodies. F. Flies
can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and
beverages.