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Title: Film History Question types: Paragraph Heading; Matching; Multiple Choice 文章内容回顾 跟电影有关,从画->油画->无声电影->有声电影。6 LIST OF HEADING, 6 MATCHING, 最后一个推断选择。1893年,T.A.爱迪生发明电影视镜并创建“囚车”摄影场,被视为美国电影史的开端。1896年,维太放映机的推出开始了美国电影的群众性放映。19世纪末20世纪初,美国的城市工业发展和中下层居民迅速增多,电影成为适应城市平民需要的一种大众娱乐。它起先在歌舞游乐场内,随后进人小剧场,在剧目演出之后放映。1905年在匹兹堡出现的镍币影院(入场券为5美分镍币)很快遍及美国所有城镇,到1910年每周的电影观众多达3600万人次。当时影片都是单本一部的,产量每月400部,主要制片基地在纽约,如爱迪生公司、比沃格拉夫公司和维太格拉夫公司。1903年E.S.鲍特的《一个美国消防员的生活》和《火车大劫案》,使电影从一种新奇的玩艺儿发展为一门艺术。影片中使用了剪辑技巧,鲍特成为用交叉剪辑手法造成戏剧效果的第一位导演。电影收益高,竞争激烈。1897年,爱迪生即为争夺专利进行诉讼,到1908年,成立了由爱迪生控制的电影专利公司,公司拥有16项专利权。到1910年,电影专利公司垄断了美国电影的制作、发行和放映。独立制片商为摆脱专利公司的垄断,相继到远离纽约和芝加哥的洛杉机郊外小镇好莱坞去拍片,那里自然条件得天独厚,又临近墨西哥边境,一旦专利公司提出诉讼便可逃离。D.W.格里菲斯1907年加入比沃格拉夫公司,次年导演了第一部影片《陶丽历险记》。至1912年已为该公司摄制了近400部影片,把拍片重心逐渐移向好莱坞,并发现和培养了许多后来的名演员,如M.塞纳特、M.壁克馥和吉许姐妹等。第一次世界大战前夕,镍币影院逐渐被一些条件较好的电影院所代替;电影专利公司的垄断权势逐渐消失,终于在1915年正式解体。此时以格里菲斯为代表的一批新的电影艺术家已经出现。制片中心也从东海岸移到好莱坞。第一次世界大战不同程度地破坏和损害了欧洲各国的电影业,却促成了美国电影的勃兴。美国电影源源不断地涌入欧洲市场。到第一次世界大战结束时,已经建立起在欧洲的霸权地位。

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题型难度分析 本篇文章还是以配对题作为主打题型,既有细节也有主旨,总体难度相对而言较高。
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Title: Urban Animals in the U.S. Question types: Which paragraph contains the following informationSummary CompletionMatching people with opinions 文章内容回顾 一种遍布美国 (with the exception of Hawaii) 的urban动物,但很难被看见,它们最大的威胁是wolves, 因为forest消失而进入urban area. 有些人希望除掉它们,但不可能。反而这些动物与人越来越多联系(最后一段:攻击人类、人类喂食它们以至于它们住得离人们近) Reading Passage 2 Title: Urban Animals in the U.S. Question types: Which paragraph contains the following informationSummary CompletionMatching people with opinions 文章内容回顾 一种遍布美国 (with the exception of Hawaii) 的urban动物,但很难被看见,它们最大的威胁是wolves, 因为forest消失而进入urban area. 有些人希望除掉它们,但不可能。反而这些动物与人越来越多联系(最后一段:攻击人类、人类喂食它们以至于它们住得离人们近) 英文原文阅读 Urban environments can exert novel selective pressures on organisms sometimes leading to new adaptations. For example, the weed Crepis Sancta, found in France, has two types of seed, heavy and fluffy. The heavy ones land near the parent plant, whereas the fluffy seeds float further away on the wind. In urban environments, seeds that float far often land on infertile concrete. Within about 5-12 generations the weed has been found to evolve to produce significantly more heavy seeds than its rural relatives. Among vertebrates, a case is urban great tits, which have been found to sing at a higher pitch than their rural relatives so that their songs stand out above the city noise, although this is probably a learned rather than evolved response. Urban silvereyes, an Australian bird, make contact calls that are higher frequency and slower than those of rural silvereyes. As it appears that contact calls are instinctual and not learnt, this has been suggested as evidence that urban silvereyes have undergone recent evolution so as to better communicate in noisy urban environments. Many North American species have successfully adapted to urban environments and are thriving. Typical examples include coyotes, rabbits, raccoons, squirrels,opossums, deer and red foxes. This has led to conflict with humans, as these animals open garbage bags in search of food, eat food left out for pets, take the pets themselves, feed on prized garden plants, dig up lawns, and so on. There may be some concern that coyotes pose a risk to small children and that they should not be left unsupervised in areas where coyotes are known to inhabit. While there are media accounts of alligators being found in sewer pipes and storm drains, most experts think that such ’sewer alligators’ are unlikely to sustain a breeding population in such an environment.Animals known to dwell within human habitations include house mice, cockroaches, house centipedes
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