Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate
each underlined part into Chinese.
21. The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from
ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and
accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the
universe. The products of this knowledge arc all those things that, in the
aggregate, we call "civilization", including language, science, literature, art,
all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the
physical infrastructures on which society relies. 22. Most of us assume
that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the
aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective
knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world,
and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present
ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption. In
the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid
than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the
statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual
embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes
through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human
species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of
innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired
more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several
grades of the educational system. 23. Implicit in this view is an assumption
that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in
which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in
specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that
signify mastery of important subjects. Such views have, in
fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American
physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago: 24.
While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no
marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable
that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and
that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of
these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice The future
truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of
decimals.