问答题

Using Land Wisely A very important world problem—in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face US at the present time—is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources. It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important. It works out to be about 1. 6 per cent per annual net increase. In terms of numbers this means something like forty to fifty-five million additional people every year. Canada has a population of twenty million-rather less than six months’’ climb in world population. Take Australia. There are ten million people in Australia. So, it takes the world less than three months to add to itself a population. Let the US take our own crowded country -England and Wales: forty -five to fifty million people—just about a year’’s supply. By this time tomorrow, and every day, there will be added to the earth about 120,000 extra people -just about the population of the city of York. I am not talking about birth rate. This is net increase. To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second hand of your watch. Every second three babies are born somewhere in the world. Another baby! Another baby! Another baby! You cannot speak quickly enough to keep pace with the birth rate. This enormous increase of population will create immense problems. By A. D. 2000, unless something desperate happens, there will be as many as 7,000,000,000 people on the surface of this earth! So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime. Why is this enormous increase in population taking place It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. You have heard of Birth Control Death Control is something rather different. Death Control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who, a few years ago, would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases, as they used to be. Squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. Medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. If you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modem hospital. Medical care helps to keep people alive longer. We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be, are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. People are living longer because of this Death Control, and fewer children are dying, so the population of the world is shooting up. Imagine the position if you and I and everyone else living on earth shared the surface between us. How much should we have each It would be just over twelve acres-the sort of size of a small holding. But not all that is useful land which is going to produce food. We can cut out one-fifth of it, for example, as being too cold. That is land which is covered with ice and snow—Antarctica and Greenland and the great frozen areas of northern Canada. Then we can cut out another fifth as being too dry—the great deserts of the world like the Sahara and the heart of Australia and other areas where there is no known water supply to feed crops and so to produce food. Then we can cut out another fifth as being too mountainous or with too great an elevation above sea level. Then we can cut out another tenth as land which has insufficient soil, probably just rock at the surface. Now, out of the twelve acres only about four are left as suitable for producing food. But not all that is used. It includes land with enough soil and enough rainfall or water, and enough heat which, at present, we are not using, such as, for example, the great Amazon forests and the Congo forest and the grasslands of Africa. How much are we actually using Only a little over one acre is what is required to support one human being on an average at the present time. Now we come to the next point, and that is, the haves and the have-nots amongst the countries of the world. The standard share per person for the world is a little over twelve acres per head; potentially usable, about four acres; and actually used about 1.1 acre. We are very often told in Britain to take the United States as an example of what is done or what might be done. Every little American is born into this world with a heritage of the home country, the continental United States, of just, about the world average— about twelve acres. We can estimate that probably some six acres of the total of twelve of the American homeland is cultivable in the sense I have just given you. But the amount actually used—what the Americans call "improved land" in crops and pasture on farms—is three and a half acres. So the Americans have over three times the world average of land on which to produce food for themselves. On that land they produce more food than they actually require, so they have a surplus for export. Now suppose we take the United States’’ great neighbour, Canada, to the north. Every Canadian has 140 acres to roam around in. A lot of it is away in the frozen north, but there is still an enormous area of land in Canada waiting to be settled and developed. The official figure is twenty-two acres. The Canadians use at the moment four acres, and they too have a large food surplus available for export. Now turn to our own country. Including land of all sorts, there is just over one acre per head in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. That is why we have to be so very careful with it. How much do we actually use Just over half an acre to produce food-that is as farm land. The story is much the same if you separate off Northern Ireland and Scotland and just take England and Wales. In this very crowded country, we have only 0.8 acres per head of land of all sorts to do everything with which we need. That is why we have to think so very carefully of this problem. India, with 2.5 acres per head, has considerably more land than we have in this country. Not all of it is usable for food production. But there is land which could be reclaimed by modern methods, that is being tackled at the present time. The crucial figure is the actual area in agricultural use—three-quarters of an acre! The yields from this land are low, methods of production are primitive, and that is why the Indians are so very near the starvation level for almost every year of their lives. But they are not as badly off where land is concerned as Japan. The Japanese figures are the same as our own country in overall land—1.1 acres per person—but it is a very mountainous country with volcanoes, and so much less is cultivable. Less than a fifth of an acre— 0.17 of an acre-is under cultivation. You see at once the tremendous land problem which there is in Japan. There is a great variation, of course, in the intensity with which land is used. In the United States they are extravagant in the use of land and take, perhaps, twenty times as much to feed one person as in Japan. You may talk about the Japanese agriculture being twenty times as efficient as the American, but that raises a lot of questions. The intensive cultivation characteristic of Japan uses every little bit of land and only the barren hillsides are not required. Much of the agriculture is based on rice. The farm workers plant by hand every individual rice plant, and this kind of intensive cultivation enables the Japanese to support seven persons per acre. By contrast, think of the ranch lands in North and South America, with animals ranging over immense tracts of land. A diet of beef and of milk is extravagant of land; in other words, it takes a lot of land for the number of calories produced. In this sense it is less efficient than the Japanese rice-growing agriculture. But not everyone likes eating rice. Where the sea is concerned, we are scarcely, at the present time, out of the old Stone Age. In the Stone Age, the people simply went out, killed wild animals-if they were lucky-and had a good meal; if they were unlucky they just went hungry. At the present day, we do almost the same thing in the sea, hunting wild fish from boats. In the future, perhaps, we shall cultivate the sea: we shall grow small fish and fish spawn in tanks, take them to the part of the ocean where we want them, let them grow to the right size, and harvest them. This is not fantasy, because, at the present time, fish are being cultivated like that in ponds and tanks in India, and various parts of the Far East so that the people there have a supply of protein. There is a great development possible. A lot of things are going to happen in the next fifty years. It is enormously important to increase the yield of grain plants and a great deal has happened through the work of the geneticists in the last few years. For instance, there has been an enormous world increase in the production of what Americans call corn (maize to us) due to the development of new strains. Throughout agriculture geneticists are improving plants to get higher yields. We are living on earth shared the surface between us; it would be just over ________ acres.