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With Genetic Gift,2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World
Dahon and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. (46) Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently. the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic girl: the ability to see the world with full color vision.
Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments(色素)known as opsins(视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys’retinas (视网膜). (47)
It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys’brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. (48)
New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, Drimates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. (49) The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other.
New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inhetit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). (50)

• A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red, green opsin—the green in the case of Dalton and Sam.
• B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature.
• C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy(树荫)of Central and South America.
• D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident.
• E. So the extra opsin gene giren to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.
• F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.