If you want to spend less, use cash, research confirms today. Psychologist (67) out separate studies of how much people spend on their credit cards and in vouchers (代金券) (68) with cash. The results showed that participants spent cash much more (69) than other forms of payment. The author, Priya Raghubir of New York University, (70) payment methods from more transparent (cash) to less (credit cards and vouchers). The author wanted to test (71) "less transparent payment forms (72) to be treated like play money and are hence more easily spent". One study was (73) as a market research exercise. Those questioned were given a (an) (74) and a menu for a fictional restaurant. Half of the respondents (调查对象) were told the restaurant would accept credit cards, while the other half were told it would accept cash only. Respondents were prepared to spend (75) more on their meal when they knew they could pay by card. In another study, (76) were asked to plan the shopping for a (77) . The participants were given a list of things to be bought and asked to (78) the total cost. Those who planned to pay by credit card thought the meal would cost on (79) $175. Those who planned to pay cash set the limit at a more (80) $145. There may be a way to (81) back this credit-card induced waste. The researcher asked other participants to go (82) the same task differently. They had to (83) the price for each individual (84) and then (85) them up. This time, credit card users made lower estimates of about $135. The author (86) their findings, saying that "the more transparent the payment type, the greater the pain of paying ’\