For a wrong word,
underline the wrong word and ,write the correct one in the
blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark
the position of the missing word with a "∧" sign and
write the word you believe to be missing in the blank
provided at the end of the line. For
an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with
a slash "—" and put the word
in the blank
provided at the end of the line.
The term "formal learning" is used in this paper to refer to
all learning which takes place in the classroom, without regard to such
learning is (1)______ performed by
conservative or progressive ideologies. "In formal learning", on the other
hand, is used to referring to learning which takes place outside
(2)______ the classroom. These definitions provide the
essential, though by all means sole,
(3)______ difference between the two modes of learning. Formal learning
is separated from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole(1973.. 553)
have observed, may actually "promote ways of learning and thing which often
run counter on (4)______ those nurtured in
practical daily life." A characteristic feature of formal learning is the
centrality of activities which are not closely paralleled by activities
outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw, and
(5)______ imitate the challenges of adult life outside the
classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these
challenges. In doing this, language plays a crucial role as the
major channel for information exchange. "Success" in the classroom requires a
student to master this abstract signal. As Berstein noted, the language of
the classroom (6)______ is more similar to the language
used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families.
Middle class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the
classroom than their working-class peers. Informal learning is
transmitted by teachers selected to conduct this role.
(7)______ Informal learning is acquired as natural part of a child’s
socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient at the skill or
activity provide—sometimes (8)______ unintentionally—target models of
behavior in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, however, can
take place at any time and is not subject by
(9)______ the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling.
(10)______