填空题

But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static uses of energy — the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation. Of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum,
66. ______
On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce — the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity.
67. ______
Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector — so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem — through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms — the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long-term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we’ve made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That’s an ambitious goal which we approach systematically.
68. ______
Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent.
69. ______
It is a learning process — just as it has been with the other emissions we’ve targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we’re researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit — a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency.
The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products requires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That’s the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management.
70. ______
We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions.
A. Let me put that another way — to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon — but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium.
B. As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed — on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken.
C. Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary.
D. Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed.
E. Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we’ve been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements.
F. We’ve looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations — in exploration and in refining — produce around eight megatons of carbon.

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