Directions: You are going to read a list of headings
and a text about network etiquette. Choose the most suitable heading from the
list A -- F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs
of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don’t
need to use. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1.
The first two stages in the development of civilized man were
probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although
nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.
41)______Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the
highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most
intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is
apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently
intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for
different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be
used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture
language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his
cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch.
42)______ Two important stages came not so long before the dawn
of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was
agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the
human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced.
43)______ 44)______ These inventions and
discoveries—fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing
made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B.
C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years
ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long
period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the
beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an
immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined
to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the
period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I
do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time.
45)______ A. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by
side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single
factor in the development of man. B. Another fundamental technical advance
was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon
as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit
information to people who were not present when the information was given. C.
With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at
that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one
another. D. The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very
gradually. E. In fact, there was progress--there were even two inventions of
very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner’s compass--but neither
of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech
and writing and agriculture. F. These were, at first, only those in which
nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent
resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed
in the end because of the physical comforts it provided. G. But industry was
a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable
until our own machine age.