Educational philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of theirway to cut me down because I wouldn’t get conceit. Aside from【M1】______the debated question of whether that worked, the point is that【M2】______today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy. They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as "Honors Students."【M3】______ Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their【M4】______mistakes depend on a student’s self-perception. Research by Carol【M5】______Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those whodon’t think of themselves as smart as such and smart enough to get【M6】______smarter. They have a "growth mindset," a belief system they can【M7】______get better if they will just invest in the time and effort. In one of【M8】______the group’s experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised【M9】______for "being smart," and these students were not good at learning from mistakes. It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not in them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and thesestudents got better and made few mistakes. Several months later,【M10】______all students repeated a standardized test, and the "smart" students’ scores dropped 20%, while the "growth mindset" students scored 30% higher. 【M1】