单项选择题

(略)
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body’s system for reacting to things that can harm us-- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can’t detect danger can’t stay alive. "says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃棱).
LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation I think this charging dog wants to bite me--and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast--moving feet, just to name three.
This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they’re afraid. That is all LeDoux says," if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."
Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That’s not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device. "he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action--like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.
Hallowell insists, though, that there’s a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan." he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we’re familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.
Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it’s been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That’s why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro(抗炭疽茵的药物)and buying gas masks.
From the studies conducted by LeDoux we learn that ______

A．reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictable
B．memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distress
C．people’s unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fear
D．the amygdala plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger

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Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (1)Some think of aggression as a great virtue(e, g. the aggressive businessperson ), while others see aggression.The fact they we do keep the same word anyway suggests that there is a commonality: Both positive and negative aggression serve to enhance the self. (2)The positive version, which we could call assertiveness, is acting in a way that enhances the self, without the implication that we are hurting someone else. The negative version, which we might call violence, focuses more on the disenchantment of others as a means to the same end.Although the life of animals often seems rather bloody, we must take care not to confuse predation--the hunting and killing of other animals for food-with aggression. (3)Predation in carnivorous species has more in common with grazing in vegetarian species than with aggression between members of the same species. Take a good look at your neighborhood cat hunting a mouse: He is cool, composed, not hot and crazed. In human terms, there is not the usual emotional correlate of aggression: anger. He is simply taking care of business.That taken care of, there remains remarkably little aggression in the animal world. But it does remain. We find it most often in circumstances of competition over a resource.(4)This resource must be important for fitness, that is, relevant to one’s individual or reproductive success. Further, it must be restricted in abundance: Animals do not, for example, compete for air, but may for water, food, nesting areas, and mates.It is the last item-mates-that accounts for most aggression in mammals. And it is males that are most noted for this aggression. (5) As we mentioned earlier, females have so much at stake in any act of copulation (求偶结合)-so many months gestation, the increased energy requirement, susceptibility to attack, the dangers of birth, the responsibility of lactation-that it serves their fitness to be picky when looking for a partner. If females are picky, males must be show-offs: The male must demonstrate that he has the qualities that serve the female’s fitness, in order to serve his own fitness. Deer are a good example. Mind you, this need not be conscious or learned; in all likelihood, it is all quite instinctual in most mammals. It may possibly have some instinctual bases in us as well.

单项选择题

What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students

A．Their keen interest in business courses.
B．Their intense desire for money.
C．Their tactics for making profits.
D．Their potential to become business leaders.