The Green Campus If you attended this
year’s commencement (毕业典礼) at Williams College in western Massachusetts, you
probably sampled the fresh food made from locally produced, hormone-free milk.
You might have tried the organic greens with edible cabbage blossoms or sampled
the fresh asparagus (芦笋) all from nearby farms. These dishes not only tasted
better than standard ones but also saved fossil fuels normally used to ship food
long distances. Disposable plates and cutlery were nowhere to be found, reducing
trash by 80 percent. And the rare disposable items were eco-friendly. "We used
compostable paper ’napkins and biodegradable straws," says Stephanie Boyd, who
helped organize the "green commencement" as part of her job as chair of
Williams’s climate-action committee. It was not only aimed to
impress parents. More and more colleges are getting serious about going green.
In June, 284 university presidents representing some of the nation’s most
influential schools announced an agreement pledging to make their campuses
"carbon neutral". The message was clear. "We’re saying that sustainability is no
longer an elective," says Cornell president David Skorton. Their motivation
wasn’t merely to reduce energy consumption and waste. As a $ 315 billion sector
of the economy--and one that will train future leaders--higher education has a
special responsibility to encourage environmental stewardship. The university
presidents hope that even students who don’t pursue increasingly popular majors
in environmental studies will learn simply from being on a green campus, living
in green buildings, eating sustainable food and absorbing everyday messages of
conservation. And who knows Far-reaching environmental programs may create an
air of excitement that attracts applicants. "In the long run, students will say,
why would I want to go to a school that doesn’t care about this" says Michael
Crow, president of Arizona State University, which has. made a major commitment
to sustainability. At Harvard, going green starts before
students even arrive on campus, when freshmen receive mailings urging them to
buy only energy-efficient refrigerators for their dorm rooms and purchase
compact fluorescent (发荧光的) bulbs, which use an average of 18 Watts apiece
instead of 75. But some of the most effective lobbying comes from students
themselves. Harvard pays 20 undergraduates to help get the green message out to
fellow students in a fun way. That might mean whipping up a competition between
residential houses to win the coveted Green Cup for the greatest energy
reductions and biggest increases in recycling. Or it could be organizing
trash-free dances or green movie nights ("Who Killed the Electric Car") with
free ice cream for anyone who brings a recyclable bowl. One day a year, students
collect trash from Harvard Yard and pile it into a single heap, called "Mount
Trashmore". The giant mound (垛) reminds students how much they are throwing away
and how much waste they could avoid by recycling. Students even compete to come
up with the best ecothemed cartoons. This year’s second-place winner showed
Marilyn Monroe with her iconic billowing skirt under the caption wind does great
things. The fun adds up to serious savings. "Energy use in the dorms has
decreased 15 percent over the past few years, and recycling has risen 40
percent," says Leith Sharp, head of the Harvard Green Campus
Initiative. At many schools, the construction of a new building
is another chance to push green solutions. "What message does a conventional
campus send" asks David Orr, who teaches environmental studies at Oberlin. "It
sends the message that energy is cheap and plentiful. "At Oberlin and other
colleges, administrators are seeking to reverse that message with
energy-efficient buildings. The Lewis Center at Oberlin, opened in 2000, was one
of the firsts. It’s powered entirely by solar arrays, which produce 30 percent
more energy than the building consumes--and this is in cloudy Ohio. Sensors
throughout the building monitor energy use. And all wastewater is purified on
site in a "living machine", an artificial wetland with carefully selected
tropical plants and microorganisms that filter the water. Located in the
building’s lobby, the living machine looks like a greenhouse. "You’d have no
clue it’s a wastewater system," says Orr. It even includes an indoor waterfall,
powered by the sun, with 600 gallons of water flowing across a rocky surface. As
long as the sun is shining, the water flows. Orr credits the building with
having helped to inspire hundreds of Oberlin students to choose professions in
eco-design, architecture and related fields--including Sadhu Johnston ,class of
1998, who joined other students in brainstorming ideas for the new building and
who now works as environment commissioner of Chicago, If
buildings can influence people, so can something as profound as the food we eat.
Melina Shannon-DiPietro of the Yale Sustainable Food Project says she tries to"
seduce students into the sustainable-food movement" with tasty dishes. Favorites
include grass-feel-beef burgers from a nearby farmers’ cooperative and pizzas
made with organic flour, tomatoes. In all, 40 percent of the university’s menu
items now come from local organic farms. "Most food travels 1 500 miles before
we eat it," she says. "It doesn’t taste fresh, and transporting it long
distances adds to the university’s carbon footprint. "Eating locally and
organically solves those problems. And, as students learn from placards in the
dining halls, the benefits don’t stop there. "Connecticut loses farmland at the
rate of 8 000 to 9 000 acres a year, "says Shannon-DiPietro," Supporting local
farmers help maintain a working agricultural landscape." For
those who want to go the extra carbon-neutral mile and formally study the
environment, the possibilities are expanding. Sustainability has become a
multidisciplinary field that goes beyond ecology and biodiversity to embrace
architecture, engineering, urban planning, economics and public health. Arizona
State has just opened an entire School of Sustainability that will start taking
undergraduates in the fall of 2008, drawing faculty from 25 departments.
"Sustainability is the linchpin," says Oberlin’s Orr. "If you get it right, it
reduces dependence on Middle East oil, cuts carbon emissions, takes care of
pollution, reduces health-care costs associated with pollution, and creates
jobs." ASU is now working on the employment aspect, setting up a high-tech
business park to draw innovative, eco-oriented businesses from around the world
and to provide internships and, ultimately, employment for students. Early
occupants include a Chinese water-purification company and a firm making lenses
that focus more sunshine onto solar panels, generating added power for less
money. As vigorously as colleges are encouraging students to
research environmental problems, students are prodding colleges to purchase
renewable energy and set ambitious carbon targets. In part because of student
lobbying, Middlebury College in Vermont adopted a goal of carbon neutrality by
2016, says Nan Jenks-Jay, dean of environmental affairs. "Students were telling
us, you’re not doing enough, "she says. Undergraduates at dozens of schools have
gone so far as to vote for increases in their activities fees to help finance
green initiatives. At St. Mary’s College of Maryland, for example, 93 percent of
students voted last spring for a $ 25 annual increase in fees, which will raise
approximately $ 45 000 a year for the purchase of renewable energy.
There is, of course, room for improvement. "Not a single campus is even
close to achieving sustainability at this point, "says Richard Olson of
Kentucky’s Berea College, which aims to reduce its energy consumption 45 percent
below 2000 levels by 2015. "Colleges need to get out ahead and model truly
sustainable behavior to society." Many students are helping to do just
that. Those conventional buildings require improvement because they reveal that energy is