TEXT B Some of the most basic
concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers,
Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian
neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some Would say, of modern
psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior
is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be
discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out
problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad
areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and
developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego,
and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the
repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it
consisted of everything psychological that was inherited. The
ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive
needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied
according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience,
the ethical( 伦理的 ) or moral aspect of personality: It is formed by the
traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is
born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con- science" part provides guilt
feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings
of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the
group. Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and
anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any
apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in
that it. refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need".
Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables
life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological
urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed.
Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often
unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included
identification, displacement, defense mechanisms and psycho- sexual stages.
Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person
or group( movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is
blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects.
Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior
reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages
refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence:
oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic( 36
years’ development of sexual feelings), latancy (intermediate stage between
phallic and be-ginning of puberty (青春期), and genital( formation of genuine
relationships and the end of narcissism (自我陶醉) Freud’s two
disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s
theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a
sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests.
Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human
behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence
of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship. If a worker fearful of talking back to an employer comes home and yells at a family member, we have an example of Freudian ______.