Studies have found that no single factor causes violence. Researchers have (47)______ many determinants, including both individual (48)______ and attributes of campus and community environments. These factors can be organized according to a "social ecological framework," a commonly used public health model. This model recognizes that health-and safety-related behaviors are shaped through (49)______ levels of influence — individual, group, institutional, and community as well as public policy and societal factors. The nature and strength of these factors will vary across settings and by type of violence.
In a campus community, the following are examples of possible influences at each level:
Individual factors, such as student, faculty, and staff attitudes and beliefs about violence; skills for (50)______ conflict.
Interpersonal or group processes, such as group norms regarding appropriate behavior; responses of bystanders to violence.
Institutional factors, such as campus policies and (51)______; existence of high-risk settings that contribute to violence; high levels of alcohol consumption in the campus environment.
Community factors, such as high rates of violence and drug selling in the surrounding community; extent of community law (52)______.
Public policy and societal influences that influence campus life and students, including the existence and enforcement of (53)______, state, and local laws and statutes; cultural contributors such as male gender role socialization and media images that glamorize violence.
Any given violent event typically results from a convergence of some or all of the above factors. The National Research Council concluded: "A violent event requires the conjunction of a person with some (high or low) predisposing potential for violent behavior, a situation with elements that create some risk of violent events, and usually a (54)______ event".
The (55)______ of violence suggests that efforts to reduce violence will require efforts to address the array of contributing factors. In addition, efforts should take into account the typical dynamics of campus violence. For example, most incidents of campus sexual assault are committed not by a stranger who jumps out of the bushes but by someone known to the (56)______.
Word Bank
A) complexity B) identified C) model
D) negotiating E) multiple F) triggering
G) procedures H) observe I) cause
J) enforcement K) focus L) characteristics
M) victim N) temporary O) federal