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从20世纪中叶起，各国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此而有了飞速的发展。但与此同时，人们忽视了对人文科学和社会科学的学习，公民对道德观念和社会准则在生活中的意义缺乏认识。这在一定程度上导致了以下后果：地方、民族和国际间的暴力冲突层出不穷，环境污染日益严重，这些都给人类生活带来了危险。因此，在教育中应纠正重理轻文的倾向，在生活中恢复人文主义的价值，以求物质文明和精神文明的平衡发展。

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From the middle of twentieth century, the emphasis of techno......

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Developments in 19th-eentury Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades: World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19thcentury. In between these boundaries--the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head--much of modern Europe was defined. Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continent wide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, The European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the Industrial Revolution _and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe-Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways. Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19thcentury. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span. Some historians prefer to divide 19th-century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789 - 1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815 - 1848 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848 -1871 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the Ger- man and Italian nations; and 1871 -1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.
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