填空题

A Battle is Looming over Renewable Energy, and Fossil Fuel Interests are Losing
A. In state capitals across the country, legislators are debating proposals to roll back environmental rules, prodded by industry and advocacy groups eager to curtail (缩减) regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gases.
B. The measures, which have been introduced in about 18 states, lie at the heart of an effort to expand to the state level the battle over fossil fuel and renewable energy. The new rules would trim or abolish climate mandates—including those that require utilities to use solar and wind energy, as well as proposed Environmental Protection Agency rules that would reduce carbon emissions from power plants.
C. But the campaign—despite its backing from powerful groups such as Americans for Prosperity—has run into a surprising roadblock: the growing political clout of renewable-energy interests, even in rock-ribbed Republican states such as Kansas.
D. The stage has been set for what one lobbyist called "trench warfare" as moneyed interests on both sides wrestle over some of the strongest regulations for promoting renewable energy. And the issues are likely to surface this fall in the midterm elections, as well, with California billionaire Tom Steyer pouring money into various gubernatorial (州长的) and state and federal legislative races to back candidates who support tough rules curbing pollution.
E. The multi-pronged conservative effort to roll back regulations, begun more than a year ago, is supported by a loose, well-funded confederation that includes the U.S． Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Manufacturers and conservative activist groups such as Americans for Prosperity, a politically active nonprofit organization founded in part by brothers David and Charles Koch. These groups argue that existing government rules violate free-market principles and will ultimately drive up costs for consumers．
F. The proposed measures are similar from state to state. In some cases, the legislative language matches or closely resembles model bills and resolutions offered by the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a free-market-oriented group of state lawmakers underwritten in part by Exxon Mobil, Koch Industries, Duke Energy and Peabody Energy. "Now more than ever is the time for states to lead the way," ALEC’s top officials told its members at a meeting in December.
G. The coalition campaigns have achieved only symbolic victories in a few states. Nonbinding resolutions critical of the EPA power plant proposals have been approved in Alabama, Georgia, Nebraska, West Virginia and Wyoming. Three other states—Louisiana, Missouri and Ohio—are weighing legislation similar to the ALEC model.
H. Only one of the 18 state legislatures has approved a more substantive measure that would replace the EPA’s power plant rules. And even that bill, in Kentucky, could backfire by giving up a chance for the state to design its own program and forcing it to accept a federal compliance program.
I. "Clean energy is beginning to become mainstream," said Gabe Eisner, executive director of the Energy and Policy Institute, a clean-energy think tank in Washington. "Renewable energy is popular and has increased political power now," but, he added, "that power is still eclipsed by the resources of the fossil fuel industry."
A surprisingly tough fight
J. Kansas might be the best place to see how these dynamics are unfolding.
K. The state was a promising choice for a foray (攻击) against rules known as renewable-energy standards, which set minimum levels of renewable-energy use by electric utilities. Variations of these rules have been adopted in about 30 states, even though Congress did not pass a federal version of the requirement. In Kansas, a law passed in 2009 requires utilities to use wind and solar power to generate at least 15 percent of their electricity by 2016 and 20 percent by 2020.
L. The coalition seeking the repeal of the renewable mandate had all the ingredients for success. Financial muscle came from the Kansas Chamber of Commerce, which lobbied heavily for repeal. In addition, the state is home to Koch Industries, the Koch brothers’ Wichita-based energy conglomerate (集团). The state representative for Wichita, Republican Dennis Hedke, has called the company "one of the greatest success stories in the world" and said "they are making very positive contributions." Hedke chairs the state House’s Energy and Environment Committee.
M. Koch Industries, along with the utility industry’s Edison Electric Institute and the nation’s biggest coal company, Peabody Energy, have supported ALEC, which advised state lawmakers on repeal strategy.
N. "Koch has consistently opposed all subsidies and mandates across the board, especially as it relates to energy policy," Philip Ellender, president and chief operating officer of Koch Companies Public Sector, said in a statement, citing the company’s opposition to the renewable fuel standard, wind production tax credit and ethanol (乙醇) mandate. "Government should not mandate the allocation or use of natural resources and raw materials in the production of goods."
O. The ideological case was supported by conservative think tanks. Kansans for Liberty supported repeal, and the state branch of Americans for Prosperity told supporters that "green energy mandates replace the free-market with bureaucratic government oversight, driving up costs for hard-working Kansas families." The national group has spent $300,000 in the state pushing for the rollback of renewable standards.
P. Connections to key Kansas politicians also were strong. Both the Kansas state Senate’s president, Susan Wagle, and the speaker of the state House, Ray Merrick, are members of the ALEC board and backed repeal. "The repeal of the RPS [Renewable Portfolio Standards] fits in line with the goals of the organization," said Wagle, who said she joined ALEC in the 1990s in connection with her opposition to health-care reform led by Hillary Rodham Clinton, then the first lady.
Q. Moreover, the Kansas economy relies heavily on fossil fuels. The state is the nation’s 10th-largest producer of crude oil and 12th-largest of natural gas, according to the federal Energy Information Administration. In 2013, coal-fired power plants provided 61 percent of the state’s electricity, well above the national average. But the strong winds that blow across Kansas have carried new interests into the state. Kansas ranks sixth in the country in wind output, which jumped by a third last year and equaled 19 percent of the state’s electricity, the EIA says.
R. The growing number of wind farms not only generates power but royalties for landowners. Dorothy Barnett, executive director of the Climate and Energy Project, said that Kansas landowners receive more than $13 million a year. "This issue is an issue that touches rural Kansans, and we have a lot of rural Kansas legislators," she said.
The methods adopted by the 18 states are the kernel of the attempts to level up the battle between fossil fuel and renewable energy.

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