______ refers to the systemic studies on the meaning producing mechanism in languages, including the study of word and sentence meaning.

A．there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
B．amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C．professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D．amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

A．be taken to the public and resolved by democratic means
B．be resolved by a few judges and lawyers
C．be looked on as a mockery
D．be confined to such animals as apes