Text Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. The (26) view had gained many supporters, especially among (27) . But the careful use of small monetary rewards (28) creativity in grade-school children, (29) that properly presented inducements indeed aid (30) , according to a (31) in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can (32) on a relatively challenging task, (33) show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to (34) creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or (35) too much anticipation for rewards." A teacher who (36) draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement (37) up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. (38) an example of the latter point, he notes (39) efforts at major universities to (40) grading standards and (41) failing grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (42) students handle (43) problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows (44) in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist (45) .