填空题

In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that product. When　1　in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firm’’s　2　to the national economy. It is a more　3　index, of course, than　4　sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells　5　about production costs and　6　the manufacturing firm is　7　at a profit or at a loss. 　　In education there is now a spirited　8　as to whether such a concept would not be most　9　for college graduates is evidently　10　in the salaries they can command 　11　receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command　12　salaries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an　13　value added to their marketability　14　the education and training they　15　in college. When looked at more closely,　16　,the missing factor is　17　the difference between learner capabilities　18　to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after　19　a college degree. In brief, how much does the student　20　from the instruction he or she has received