填空题
The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely.
The argument has been going since at least the first (1)______
century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers
favoured certain kind of "Tree" translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2)______
sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3)______
the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4)______
wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5)______
century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that
the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6)______
was entirely the product of culture, the view trauslation was impossible (7)______
gamed some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8)______
literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9)______
extreme "literalists" Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.
The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the
nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Too
often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with
each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10)______