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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between action and their (36) , argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various (37) of mental life maintain that rewards often (38) creativity by encouraging dependence on (39) and gifts from others. The latter view has (40) many supporters, especially among educators. But careful use of small monetary rewards (41) creativity in grade-school children suggesting that (42) presented inducements(刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June (43) of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively tough task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaw in Newark. "But (44) A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, (45) In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, (46) , shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.