Contrast to researchers’ expectations, dysfunctional family relationships and poor (1)______ communication styles appear to have much effect on whether young children become (2)______ depressed, a study has found. While many children under 5 exhibit symptoms of depression, they often have not been exposed against known risk factors, experts find. (3)______ And many children who are exposed to those risk factors~ appear to be resilient. In the study, Australian researchers looked at many factors, including marital partner (4)______ change, mothers’ health in pregnancy, a child’s health in the first six months of life and marital anxiety in more than 5,000 mothers over a period of five years. But few of them correlated to early childhood depression. The authors warned that their results, published (5)______ in the June issue of Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, depended on reports by mothers about their children’s experience, and that the mothers’ emotional states might (6)______ have affected those reports. They also conceded that young, lonely, low-income mothers (7)______ were often lost as to follow-up during the years of the study, and that the children of (8)______ those mothers might be expected to have higher rate of depression. "If what we have (9)______ found is correct," said Dr. Jake Najman, the lead author and a professor of sociology at the University of Queensland, "then depression in children has a large constitutional component" that is transmitted either genetically or by exposure to risks before or during pregnancy. Dr. Najman suggested that early invention might help prevent depression (10)______ from developing in early life.