填空题

Twice as many students in Singapore are proficient in math as in the United States.
A．"We know what it takes to compete for the jobs and industries of our time," President Obama said in his State of the Union address this year. "We need to out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world." Yet despite the economic crisis facing the country, the U.S. educational system remains frozen in place, unable to adapt to contemporary global realities.
B．As all schoolchildren know, water freezes to solid, barren, cracked ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (华氏温度). So maybe it is more than a mere coincidence that 32 percent of U.S. public and private-school students in the class of 2011 are deemed proficient in mathematics, placing the United States 32nd among the 65 nations that participated in the latest international tests administered by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The United States ranks between Portugal and Italy and far behind South Korea, Finland, Canada, and the Netherlands.
C．We became aware of the seriousness of the problem after we equated, with the help of colleagues, the test scores of the class of 2011 on the latest international test when this class was in 10th grade, with its prior eighth-grade scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), an official U. S. test that both assesses performance of U. S. students and sets the standard for "’proficiency".
D．Linking these tests also allowed us to compare the performance of students in each state with that of students in other countries. The results are scary. Even in Massachusetts, with its famous collection of public and private schools, students reach only the level attained by students in the entire nations of Canada, Japan, and Switzerland. Massachusetts, the only U.S. state with a majority of students (51 percent) above the proficiency mark, trails well behind students in South Korea and Finland.
E．The percentage proficient in the state of New York (30 percent) is equivalent to that achieved by students in debt-ridden Portugal and Spain. California, the home of highly skilled Silicon Valley, has a math proficiency rate of 24 percent, the same as bankrupt Greece and just a notch (等级) above struggling Russia.
F．President Obama, to his credit, has highlighted the problem repeatedly. But too many state education officials have done their best to obfuscate (故意混淆) the low performance of their students. Under the educational accountability rules set down by the federal law No Child Left Behind, each state may set its own proficiency standard, and most have set their standards well below the world-class level. As a result, most state proficiency reports grossly increase the percentage of students who are proficient, if we account for the fact that our students need to compete not just with others from the same state but also with those across the globe.
G．When not obfuscating the problem, apologists explain away the results with misleading arguments. Some point to the country’s large immigrant and disadvantaged populations, which, to be sure, do pose difficult educational challenges. Proficiency rates among African-Americans and Hispanics are very low (11 and 15 percent, respectively). But if one compares only the white students in the U.S. with all students in other countries, the U. S. still falls short: only 42 percent are proficient, which would place them at 17th in the world compared with all of the students in other nations. The only positive sign is the majority of Asian students in the United States (52 percent) who score at or above the proficiency level.
H．When our results were first released, one school-board member in Loudoun County, a wealthy suburb of Washington D. C., explained away the results. "In many countries, poor-performing children are filtered out of high school, whereas in the U. S., we test all our students, both great and not so great. So the comparison is not on a level playing field." That might have been true some decades ago when only a few countries followed the United States’ emphasis on universal education and thus left many students out of school and unavailable for testing. But today the U. S. actually graduates fewer students from high school than the average developed country, completely eliminating any claim that the U. S. is testing a broader range of the youth population.
I．Some also take false comfort in the belief that it takes only a limited number of high-flying students to fill the jobs at Google, Facebook, IBM, and all the other businesses and professions that need highly skilled talent. The United States is still great at producing the advanced students needed to power economic growth.
J．Still others say the low math scores are offset by a better record in reading. Admittedly the proficiency rate in only 10 countries is significantly higher than in the U.S. If not the world leader, the United States’ record is at least better than average. Nonetheless, the set of skills most needed for sustained growth in economic productivity—and the skills in shortest supply today—are those rooted in math competencies. Our future scientists and engineers—the engine of U.S. innovation—come from those with high math skills. While Silicon Valley could possibly be fueled by importing skilled workers from abroad, we should not continue to count on this in today’s globalized world. Even if we could, it is hardly fair to our own young people to count them out of the country’s best jobs.
K．According to our best calculations, the U.S. could enjoy a remarkable increase in its annual per capita GDP growth by enhancing the math proficiency of its students. Increasing the percentage of proficient students to the levels attained in Canada and South Korea would increase the annual U. S. growth rate by 0.9 percentage points and 1.3 percentage points, respectively.
L．When translated into dollar terms according to the historical patterns, we see very different futures for the United States, depending on whether or not our schools are improved. If one calculates increases in national income from projections over an 80-year period (providing for a 20-year delay before any school reform is completed and newly proficient students begin their working careers), the present value of gains amounts to some ＄75 trillion for reaching the performance levels of Canada. These additions can be compared with our current GDP of ＄15 trillion or the ＄1 trillion spent to stimulate the economy out of recession.
M．It is easy for political leaders to put off considerations of effective school reform. The economic benefits from reform would not be felt immediately, as it takes time for an educated generation to become a productive workforce. But just as the continuing debt crisis, if not fixed, will be out of control only over the longer term, so the best available solution to that crisis—a fully unfrozen, high-functioning, constantly improving educational system—could raise the level of human capital to the point where resources would be available to address much of this future debt crisis. In the simplest terms, the approaching financial crises with Social Security and Medicare are most effectively dealt with by enhanced growth of the economy, growth that will not be achieved without a highly skilled workforce.
The economic benefits from school reform are not immediate, because time is needed for an educated generation to become a productive workforce.