填空题

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’’s great writers. Before (36)_________ this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is (37)_________from competition, defined as opposition among social entities (38) _________striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus (39)_________with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the (40)_________of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between (41)_________ or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, (42)_________, is very likely to occur, and is probably an (43)_________ and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however this struggle is nature’’s competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. (44) _____________________________. Those who fail in competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. (45) _____________________________. Among nations there is competition in developing resources trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. (46) _____________________________. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.