Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. Some choices may be required more than once. A= Caribou Indians B= The Coastal Indians C= Plain Indians Which group of Indians ... · hunt animals by driving them into falling off the cliffs 21. ______ · wore nothing but a piece of cloth around the waist 22. ______ · lived in houses easily packed up and moved 23. ______ · depend their main catch for food and clothing 24. ______ 25. ______ · joined their lodging places 26. ______ · could have adopted white man’s clothing 27. ______ 28. ______ · built their houses with the skins of animals 29. ______ · were highly advanced in house-building 30. ______ CARIBOU INDIANS Caribou (Indian for reindeer)roam in herds from one feeding-ground to the next in the forests and on the plains extending to the Arctic coasts of North America; they are hunted by the Eskimos in the summer and by the Indians farther south in the winter. Before the days of guns the Indians caught them in traps or pitfalls, they drove them over soft snow and pursued them on snow-shoes, or they drove them into the water and speared them from their sprucebark canoes. For a big drive they set up rows of stakes and drove them into ambushes or enclosures or into narrow gorges from which they could not escape. By these means they killed many more caribou than they could eat, so they stored the dried flesh in pits or caches. Much of the flesh was pounded into pemmican and packed in fat, in which condition it would keep for months. These Indians made their shirts, leggings or trousers, and moccasins of skins. Women wore much the same clothes as the men, only of softer materials -often doeskin -and their clothes were more richly decorated with shells, dyed porcupine quills, or feathers. Wealthy men wore robes of beaver, wolf, bear, or coyote fur. But most Indians have come in contact with trading-posts and have adopted white man’s clothing. During the winter many Indians lived in solid wooden houses, sometimes partly underground for warmth; and in some parts they built a large "ceremonial lodge", 40 or 50 feet long, for feasts, dances, and great occasions. In many parts there were no permanent settlements, and the Indians, when they were hunting, lived in their bark wigwams which were easily moved from camp to camp. THE GOASTAL INBIANS These Indians depended mainly on fish, and especially on salmon. These fish came up the river once a year to spawn, crowding in such masses that the Indians could scoop them up in buckets. They also caught them in nets, harpooned them, or took them in staked enclosures. The fish were dried and smoked, sometimes made into a paste and stored in finely plaited baskets to keep until the next salmon "run". The Indians built large houses of spruce or fine planks from the great forests which run down almost to the coast. The villages generally consisted of thirty or more houses set in a line facing the sea along a sheltered part of the coast. The houses used to be large, solid, and rectangular, 40 to 50 feet long, in which several related families lived together. In early days these houses were built without nails, by fitting and tying the timbers together; and reed mats made partitions inside. In front they set up their ’totem poles’, carved with the crests of the animals which were linked in mythical tales with the particular clan and family. Closing-fitting clothing was not needed in this mild coastal region -men often went barefoot, wearing nothing but a loincloth. Cloaks were made of skins, fiber matting, and beautiful blankets woven of wool and hair. Women had long garments of dressed skins, often decorated with beads and shells. Traders, railways, and industries such as fishing, canning, mining, and lumber have, in recent years, invaded the region and altered native life: now European houses and clothes are replacing native styles. PLAIN INDIANS These tribes whose names are famous in story hunted the bison, called ’buffalo’, on the treeless prairies of North America, between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. They were tall, well-built, and muscular, proud of their physical fitness and of their ability to bear pain and hardships without complaint. Down to the middle of the last century herds of bison roamed the prairies in great numbers and provided the Indians with plenty of food. They stalked them and surrounded them on horseback, shooting them with bows and arrows. They trapped them in various ways. A common plan was to set up rows of stakes or piles of stones in a V-shape, converging to a point at the edge of a cliff. The younger men would lure or urge the herd towards the trap, and when within the lines they were stamped over the cliff, to fall, injured into an enclosure below, where they were easily slaughtered. Men, women, and children helped in cutting up the animals and carrying the loads back to camp. Bison skins, carefully cured, scraped, and softened, were used to cover tents (tepees), for bags, and for men’s robes. For shirts, leggings, and moccasins the lighter skins of deer were preferred. A thick piece of bison skin supported on sticks was the cooking-pot, and this was heated in the same way as that used by Caribou Indians. The hair of the bison was used for stuffing, its paunch as a water-bucket, its sinews for string, its horns for spoons, and its bone for tools.