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The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include  1  mastery of complex feedback systems with long  2  For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are  3  , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors  4  the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To  5  matters, many of the responses of the child/parent "system" take years to  6  themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow  7  to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children  8  successful adulthood.     9  all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, it’’s a  10  to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of  11  brought about by technology.   Both raising children and protecting Earth’’s life-support systems are  12  of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But  13  our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have  14  built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other  15  . It seems that the "thinking" parts of our brains can’’t deal with complicated systems and their long- term  16  ,and the  17  parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems don’’t help us much outside of their  18  areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better  19  taking care of Earth’’s life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about  20  complicated systems work. The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include  1  mastery of complex feedback systems with long  2  For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are  3  , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors  4  the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To  5  matters, many of the responses of the child/parent "system" take years to  6  themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow  7  to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children  8  successful adulthood.     9  all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, it’’s a  10  to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of  11  brought about by technology.   Both raising children and protecting Earth’’s life-support systems are  12  of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But  13  our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have  14  built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other  15  . It seems that the "thinking" parts of our brains can’’t deal with complicated systems and their long- term  16  ,and the  17  parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems don’’t help us much outside of their  18  areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better  19  taking care of Earth’’s life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about  20  complicated systems work.

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They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic cloud some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite―Cobe―had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’’t have long to wait. 73.Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very’’ early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.75. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.