填空题

Contrast to researchers’ expectations, dysfunctional family relationships and poor (1) ______.
communication styles appear to have much effect on whether young children become (2) ______.
depressed, a study has found. While many children under 5 exhibit symptoms of depres-
sion, they often have not been exposed against known risk factors, experts find. And many (3) ______.
children who are exposed to those risk factors appear to be resilient. In the study, Austra-
lian researchers looked at many factors, including marital partner change, mothers’ health (4) ______.
in pregnancy, a child’s health in the first six months of life and marital anxiety in more than
5,000 mothers over a period of five years. But few of them correlated to early childhood (5) ______.
depression. The authors warned that their results, published in the June issue of Social
Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, depended on reports by mothers about their
children’s experience, and that the mothers’ emotional states might have affected those (6) ______.
reports. They also conceded that young, lonely, low-income mothers were (7) ______.
often lost as to follow-up during the years of the study, and that the children of those (8) ______.
mothers might be expected to have higher rate of depression. "If what we have found is (9) ______.
correct," said Dr. Jake Naiman, the lead author and a professor of sociology at the Univer-
sity of Queensland, "then depression in children has a large constitutional component"
that is transmitted either genetically or by exposure to risks before or during pregnancy. Dr.
Najman suggested that early invention might help prevent depression from developing in (10) ______.
early life.