填空题

Contrast to researchers’ expectations, dysfunctional family relationships and poor (1)______
communication styles appear to have much effect on whether young children become (2)______
depressed, a study has found. While many children under 5 exhibit symptoms of
depression, they often have not been exposed against known risk factors, experts find. (3)______
And many children who are exposed to those risk factors~ appear to be resilient.
In the study, Australian researchers looked at many factors, including marital partner (4)______
change, mothers’ health in pregnancy, a child’s health in the first six months of life and
marital anxiety in more than 5,000 mothers over a period of five years. But few of them
correlated to early childhood depression. The authors warned that their results, published (5)______
in the June issue of Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, depended on reports
by mothers about their children’s experience, and that the mothers’ emotional states might (6)______
have affected those reports. They also conceded that young, lonely, low-income mothers (7)______
were often lost as to follow-up during the years of the study, and that the children of (8)______
those mothers might be expected to have higher rate of depression. "If what we have (9)______
found is correct," said Dr. Jake Najman, the lead author and a professor of sociology
at the University of Queensland, "then depression in children has a large constitutional
component" that is transmitted either genetically or by exposure to risks before or during
pregnancy. Dr. Najman suggested that early invention might help prevent depression (10)______
from developing in early life.