单项选择题

The period of adolescence, i.e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of-prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modem society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can write; he can buy liquor; he can enter into financial contracts; and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
The length of adolescence is decided by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. the definition of maturity and adulthood
B. change in social and economic conditions
C. industrialization of the society
D. development of science and technology

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respect [听力原文] A-A0 Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as Corporate Culture . The dictionary defines culture as the act of developing intellectual and moral faculties, especially through education . While I will use a slightly different definition of culture: The moral, social, and behavioral norms of an organization based on the beliefs, attitudes, and priorities of its members. How do companies maintain their cultures Do all the organizations operate with one single culture Should they design personnel policies and reward systems around cultural values I’ll try to answer these questions in today’s lecture. Every organization has its own unique culture or value set. Most organizations don’t consciously try to create a certain culture. The culture of the organization is typically created unconsciously, based on the values of the top management or the founders of an organization. [A] Hewlett-Packard (HP) is a company that has, for a long time, been conscious of its culture and has worked hard to maintain it Over the years. Hewlett-Packard’s corporate culture is based on No. A—respect for others, No. B—a sense of community, and No. C—plain hard work. It has been developed and maintained through extensive training of managers and employees. HP’s growth and success over the years has been due in large part to its culture. Another successful company that expends a lot of energy in maintaining its workplace culture is Southwest Airlines. Southwest is the only major airline in the U.S. that has been profitable in each of the last five years. It also has a good reputation as an employer. Herb Kelleher, Southwest’s CEO, once indicated how Southwest maintained its culture: Well, first of all, it starts with hiring. We are zealous about hiring. [B] We are looking for a particular type of person, regardless of which job category it is. We are looking for attitudes that are positive and for people who can lend themselves to causes. We want folks who have a good sense of humor and people who are interested in performing as a team and take joy in team results instead of individual accomplishments. If you start with the type of person you want to hire, presumably you can build a work force that is prepared for the culture you desire. [C] Another important thing is to spend a lot of time with your people and to communicate with them in a variety of ways. And a large part of it is demeanor. Sometimes we tend to lose sight of the fact that demeanor—the way you appear and the way you act—is a form of communication. We want our people to feel fulfilled and to be happy, and we want our management to radiate the demeanor that we are proud of our people; we are interested in them as individuals and we are interested in them outside the work force, including the good and bad things that happen to them as individuals. In both of these examples, the top management of the companies were vigilant about maintaining their cultures. The behavior rules and boundaries are relatively clear and communicated often. However, this is not typical. I believe most organizations operate with a diversity of cultures. This is especially true considering the increasing worldwide mobility of people and cultures and values. There’ve been some recent models created to attempt to study and classify cultural diversity, and today we’ll take a brief look at one of them—the Hofstede Cultural Orientation Model, which classifies cultures based on where they fall on five continuums: [D] No. A—Individual vs. Collective Orientation: the level at which behavior is appropriately regulated. No. B—Power Distance Orientation: the extent to which less powerful parties accept the existing distribution of power and the degree to which adherence to formal channels is maintained. [E] No. C—Uncertainty Avoidance Orientation: the degree to which employees are threatened by ambiguity, and the relative importance to employees of rules, long-term employment and steady progression through well-defined career ladders. No. D—Dominant Values Orientation: the nature of the dominant values—e.g., assertiveness, monetary focus, well-defined gender roles, formal structure—vs, concern for others, focus on quality of relationships and job satisfaction, and flexibility. [F] No, E—Short-Term vs. Long, Term Orientation: the time frame used: short-term (involving more inclination toward consumption, saving face by keeping up) vs. long-term (involving preserving status-based relationships, thrift, deferred gratifications). At last, let’s go to the problem whether companies should design their personnel policies and reward systems around cultural values. There’s some debate over the issue but current companies tend not to, because of the concern about stereotyping certain cultures. [G] A popular trend is for companies to reengineer themselves, which involves an attempt to change their culture, usually to a team orientation. As reported in the ACA News (September AIIE), studies indicate that the following are necessary for a company to change to a team culture , that is: · [H] Common and consistent goals · Organizational commitment · Role clarity among team members · Team leadership · Mutual accountability with the team · Complementary knowledge and skills · Reinforcement of required behavioral competencies · Power (real and perceived) · Shared rewards The importance of corporate culture is growing as the result of several recent developments. [I] Companies are encouraging employees to be more responsible and act and think like owners. In exchange for more flexible work schedules, employees are expected to always be on-call . [A0] With the dense of more traditional communities (e,g. neighborhoods, etc.), companies are filling employees’ need to belong to a community. At the same time companies are encouraging teamwork and the formation of teams. Therefore, organizational leaders shouldn’t ignore corporate culture. Rather, it should be addressed in the organization’s mission, vision, and goal statements, and emphasized in company-sponsored training and company communication.本题的出题点在排比句式处。题干问Hewlett-Packardl的公司文化。讲座中提到Hewlett-Packard’s corporate culture is based on No. A—respect for others, No. B—a sense of community, and No. C-plain hard work.即：Hewlett-Packard的企业文化建立在互相尊重、团队意识和努力工作的基础之上，题干已经给出了a sense of community和plain hard work，故得答案respect。

单项选择题

Phatic communication refers to ______.

A. language's function of the expression of identity
B. social interaction of language
C. language's function of expressing itself
D. sociological use of language