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Muslim Sudan is one of the Islamized (36) regions. In East Africa musical forms showing Arab or Islamic influence are found even far (37) , for instance in southern Uganda, not only along the Indian Ocean coast. Several musical (38) of Arab introduction can be seen in these parts, the one-string fiddle being the most visible example. On the other hand, (39) areas of black Africa are virtually free from Arab or Islamic influence. The traditional schools for boys found in west central Africa, with their (40) dances and music, are independent black African (41) and in no way to be related to Muslim (42) . It is now widely (43) that African music/dance in various parts of the continent has constantly undergone decisive changes in history. (44) . Nor is African music always ethnic in the sense ethnomusicology would have it. Music forms and traits are not rigidly linked to ethnic groups; (45) . Ethnic groupings have themselves been in a state of continuous flux and musical traits and fashions have been exchanged across ethnic and linguistic boundaries. (46) and even so may present a fragmented and perplexing picture.