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There is a general expectation that teachers can spot talented children and do something for them. But studies have　1　that teachers do not always　2　gifted children, even those 　3　academic talent. In fact, they　4　to identify from 10 to 50 percent of their gifted students. 　　The first　5　in identifying gifted students is determining the　6　for finding them. If we want to　7　a group of students for an　8　mathematics class, our approach would be different than　9　we are looking for students with high talent　10　a creative-writing program. Specific program needs and requirements, then,　11　the identification process. 　　Subjective evaluation--teacher　12　, parent referral--should be　13　by standardized tests and other　14　measures of ability. Any　15　for identifying gifted children in a school system should　16　both subjective and objective methods of 　17　Classroom behavior, for example, can point　18　children’’s ability to organize and use materials and reveal their potential for processing information better than　19　a test situation. Many aspects of creativity and verbal fluency are also best　20　in a classroom or informal setting.

【参考答案】

C

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When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means________.

A．observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
B．similar bills are likely to be passed in the US ,Canada and other countries
C．observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
D．the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop

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A large proportion of the studies of behavior used animals as subjects, especially pigeons, rats, and rabbits. There are a number of reasons why researchers in this field frequently choose to conduct their experiments with nonhuman subjects. First of all, the possibility of a placebo effect is minimized with animal subjects. 46)Whereas a human subject’’s behavior may be drastically altered by the knowledge that he or she is being observed, this is unlikely with animal subjects because most studies with animal subjects are conducted in such a way that the animal does not know its behavior is being monitored and recorded. Furthermore, it is unlikely that an animal subject will be motivated either to please or displease the experimenter, a motive that can ruin a study with human subjects. A second reason for using animal subjects is convenience. The species most commonly used as subjects are easy and inexpensive to care for, and animals of a specific age and sex can be obtained in any quantities the experimenter needs. 47)Once animal subjects are obtained, their participation is as regular as the experimenter’’s--animal subjects never fail to show up for their appointments, which is unfortunately not the case with human subjects.48) Probably the biggest advantage of domesticated animal subjects is that their environment can be controlled to a much greater extent than is possible with either wild animals or human subjects. This is especially important in experiments on learning, where previous experience can have a large effect on a subject’’s performance in a new learning situation. Likewise, if a human subject tries to solve some mystery as part of a learning experiment, the experimenter cannot be sure how many similar problems the subject has encountered in his lifetime. 49) When animals are bred and raised in the laboratory, however, their environments can be constructed to make sure that they have no contact with objects or events similar to those they will encounter in the experiment.A final reason for using animal subjects is that of comparative simplicity. 50)Just as a child trying to learn electricity is better off starting with a flashlight than a radio, researchers may have a better chance of discovering the basic principles of learning by examining creatures that are less intelligent and less complex than human beings The assumption here is that although human beings differ from other animals in some respects, they are also similar in some respects, and it is these commonalities that can be investigated with animal subjects.