单项选择题

以下对供应链管理的说法中，正确的是：

A.供应链管理就是根据价值链末端正在发生什么来提示价值链的首端该做什么以及何时做
B.供应链管理就是根据价值链首端正在发生什么来提示价值链的末端该做什么以及何时做
C.供应链管理包括对供应链各环节内部和各环节之间的信息流、产品流和资金流的管理，以实现顾客利益最大化
D.供应链管理包括对供应链各环节内部和各环节之间的信息流、产品流和资金流的管理，以实现供应商利润最大化

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While some international couriers are showing signs of exhaustion, EMS (Express Mail Service), the generic name for the courier services of post offices, seems to be finding its stridE.Known as Datapost in Britain, as Chronopost in France, and as A1-Barid al-Mumtaz in Saudi Arabia, EMS is now second in the international courier business (jointly with TNT Skypack). Last year it delivered 5.6 million items, weighing less than 20 kilograms each, across borders. That and its annual growth rate of around 5 percent have worried DHL, the market leader, enough for it to counter-attack in the Courts.On October 26, a Dutch judge ruled against DHL on all three counts filed against the Dutch post office: that the three-initial name was too close to DHL's; that the orange lines in the EMS logo were too similar to DHL's dark red ones; and that the claim to the widest route system in the world was unfoundeD.DHL has threatened the Swiss post office with similar action, but it may reconsider after the Dutch ruling.EMS has some advantages over the private couriers. One is a dense ready-made network of offices, especially in Europe, the avowed target area of the private couriers. Another advantage is a long tradition of working with customs authorities. In a business where minutes count, it pays to have good friends at customs. That advantage particularly irritates the private couriers because there is no legal way to combat such unquantifiable coziness.The private courier services are also annoyed because in countries like Switzerland and Italy, where the post office is officially a monopoly, they pay it a feE.In Switzerland DHL says it pays more than SFr lm ($ 708,000) 'to the competition' each year. In France the couriers have won a battle for exoneration.Although governments are under little pressure to keep prices artificially low, EMS is often cheaper than the private couriers, but not always. A recent test in Britain (on a domestic route) showed Datapost about halfway between the least and the most expensive, but gave it full marks for speed and servicE.Each national EMS is free to set its rates and follow its own rules on things like bulk discounts. The Universal Postal Union, based in Berne, determines how costs and revenues are split between sending and receiving countries, and standardizes procedures. More than 100 postal administrations have linked into the system—and more are coming, including Russia's. That makes the feisty EMS particularly happy since its rivals have not been allowed to serve anywhere in RussiA.The passage focuses primarily on ______.A.problems of post offices in BritainB.the new courier service—EMSC.the competition between private and international courier servicesD.differences between EMS and DHL

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A federal judge on Monday certified a $ 200 billion class action lawsuit against the tobacco industry for its marketing of light cigarettes.Eastern District of New York Judge Jack B.Weinstein's 540-page opinion in Schwab v. Philip Morris USA, InC., 04-CIV-1945—which included an additional 965 pages of appendices for a total of 1,505 pages-gave tens of millions of smokers an avenue to recover damages from the nation's largest tobacco companies, including Philip Morris USA InC., R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. , Lorillard Tobacco Co. , and Liggett Group, InC.The class will include anyone who purchased light cigarettes from the time tobacco companies began selling them in the 1970s. The judge said he even would consider broadening the class, to encompass smokers of all 'low tar' brands, not just light cigarettes. The judge suggested that an expansion of the class could assist the parties in negotiating a global settlement. He set a trial date for January 22, 2007. The plaintiffs intend to seek treble damages.Weinstein has expressed skepticism about the plaintiffs' theory of damages, which alleges that light smokers were defrauded of billions because they believed they were buying a product of greater value because of its health advantages. The judge also questioned the size of the class, as well as the claim that as many as 90 percent of light cigarette smokers chose the cigarettes because they were less harmful.In his ruling Monday, the judge stressed that while the suit was far from perfect, the evidence was sufficient. He said the jury system—which he described as the 'ultimate focus group of the law'—was well equipped to sort out the particulars in accordance with Amendment VII of the U. S. Constitution.Weinstein declined to grant an interlocutory appeal to the 2nd U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Theodore M. Grossman of Jones Day in Cleveland, which represents R J. Reynolds, said the defendants would seek a stay and appeal the class certification under Rule 23 (f) of the Federal Rules of Civil ProcedurE.From the passage it can be inferred that 'a $ 200 billion class action lawsuit' is one that ______.A.requires a public fund of $ 200 billionB.may lead to US $ 200 billion in paymentC.involves an investment of US $ 200 billionD.is about what the tobacco industry is worth

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