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Passage Six That shabby unknown bundle of neglect and despair that was dropped off by the police six weeks ago -- later to be identified by his mother, who turns up occasionally -- is now a driving force on the infants’ ward. Once he was bathed a few times and his rashes were treated, he mined out to be a 14-month-old boy named Vergil, still recovering from premature birth J birth weight, 21/2 pounds. It came obvious he had never received any real attention, and practically no solid food, and it was never very clear who assumed responsibility for him in his family, if anyone. Miraculously he survived, with almost no outside help. At first he just lay there, withdrawn, sucking on an empty bottle as he had been used to doing at home. After a few days it became clear he was ravenously hungry and he downed bottle after bottle of milk. Slowly he began to respond to the ward staff around him who hung over the side of his crib, tempting him back to life. He started by cautiously "chewing" on people, shitting and tasting them warily like a little wild creature. Gradually he climbed to a standing position, pulling himself up on the bars of his crib. Then he began to discover noise J that came from himself. When he learned that it was acceptable, in this place, to scream when engaged, he filled his comer of the room with garbled speech-like sounds, and loud baby-bellows of demand. If nobody responded he would fix each passerby with a coy look that evolved into a seductive grin, revealing four widely spaced little teeth. Someone always stopped, grinning back at this adorable creature, then picking him up and cuddling him. We on the staff took personal pride and delight in his steady progress. During the day we moved his crib from infants’ ward to the playroom where there are people coming and going. He loved it, standing and cruising in his crib, commenting happily on the scene, crowing and babbling. One afternoon, when his crib was moved adjacent to the wall, he became unusually quiet, deep in concentration. With the stealth of a cat, using his little fingers like tiny screwdrivers, he had taken apart the wall oxygen unit. Our delight in his progress turned out to real respect. Perhaps we could steer him toward the right path before it was too late. Vergil definitely had a future. In the infants’ ward, Vergil ______.

A.was treated as an orphan
B.was born prematurely
C.had himself renamed
D.drove the staff busy
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Directions: In ’this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 新兴学科:药物心理学(Pharmacopsychology) 药物作用于人体的病变部位,而病人的心理作用会或多或少地影响药物的作用。为了使药物治疗达到最佳疗效,人们必须研究药物心理学,讲究服药心理。 现代医药学认为:药物大多能产生两种效应。药物通过其药理作用来达到治病的目的,此为药物的生理作用。药物还可通过其非生理作用,在病人的心理上产生良好的感觉,加速疾病的康复,此为药物的心理效应。药物的心理效应可促使药物取得更好的疗效,为治疗奠定良好的基础。 药物的心理效应是指由医生的威信,病人对药物的信任感,接受药物治疗的体验、评价,治疗时外界的暗示及药物的广告效应等心理共同作用而产生的综合效应。药物心理学正是建立在药物心理效应基础之上的一门新兴边缘学科。众所周知,用同样的药物,由专家、名医开出的则效果会更好,这就是药物心理学最简单而明显的例子。 有人做了一个形象的比喻:药物是治疗疾病的“种子”,而心理状态是种子鞍以生长、开花和结果的“土壤”。药物的药理作用是药物治疗疾病的基础,而药物的心理效应则在疾病治疗过程中起着十分微妙的作用。特别是在治疗心因性疾病和心理精神疾病中,良好的心态显得更为重要。 与服药心理关系最密切的是药物的信誉。原因为:虔诚的信念和愉快的心情能影响人体的生理机能,增加肾上腺皮质激素的分泌;而适量的肾上腺素能耐受200—枷倍致死量的细菌内毒素。药物的良好信誉,能树立人对药物治病救人的坚定信念。 为什么不良心态会降低药物的生理效应呢人体是—叶复杂的有机整体,不良心态会影响内分泌、心脑血管系统等的功能,从而减弱人体的抗病能力,体内病菌就乘机,繁衍滋生,药效当然就降低了。积极的服药心理,可激活内分泌和潜在的免疫功能,药物在免疫器官分泌抗体增多时,能发挥最佳疗效。 药物心理学对人体的作用,在某些人中表现尤为明显:特别是有神经质、意志薄弱、心理缺陷和易受暗示的人。药物心理学揭示了安慰剂止痛和心理安慰的奥秘:安慰剂可通过心理暗示作用刺激大脑产生内源性脑啡肽,其结构类似天然吗啡,作用于疼痛部位,从而减轻疼痛。 许多人有以自觉症状为主的慢性病。许多慢性病有明显的自觉症状,如恶心呕吐、头晕目眩、失眠多梦、食欲不振、腹胀和隐痛等,这些症状与心理和精神状态密切相关。而药物的心理作用正是通过心理暗示来调整人的心态,在不知不觉中治愈或缓解了原有的慢性病。医护人员的语言、举止和行为对病人的用药心理影响很大。目前世界各国对癌症、类风湿性疾病和自身免疫病等尚无特效药。但医生绝不可对患者说: “此病为绝症,无药可治。”如对症适时选用安慰剂,有时会收到真正特效药所没有的神奇作用,至少可解除病人精神上的痛苦,在心灵上得到安慰和鼓励,从而增强战胜疾病的信心。 药物心理学的重要组成部分是暗示疗法和安慰剂。安慰剂通过心理暗示作用而影响病人的心理状态,进而影响机体的生理功能,从而起到积极的治疗作用。现代医学证明:药物心理效应不但具有心理上的安慰作用.而且还有改变器官功能活动和躯体症状的多种作用,故可用于治疗某类躯体疾病及多种心理疾病。