Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller (1) , one man could continue to (2) the information and use it as the basis for further research. But (3) was only one of a series of (4) developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut (5) can be drawn between professionals and (6) in science. Exceptions can be found to any rule. (7) , the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully. (8) into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its (9) requirement of a longer, more complex training, (10) greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was (11) most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be (12) in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A (13) of British geological publications over the last century and a half (14) not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what (15) an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research (16) their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become (17) to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to (19) local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make (19) to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the (20) introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.